Elementary New Testament Greek, 2014a

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3: Nouns and Their Cases Let’s add to our Greek example sentence the vocative “Oh teacher”, illustrating at the same time the use of commas by modern editors of the GNT. , , , , , , , , Each of these sentences could be translated: “O Teacher, angels are giving crowns of gold to apostles.” Additional Note about the Vocative: You have seen in the forms provided for that in the plural the nominative and the vocative share the same form (). While this can lead to some confusion, the presence of commas in the GNT could help you recognize the difference. But if you are really sharp, you should say, “Well, the commas are supplied by modern editors! How do we know they are right?” Good point! And that is just the kind of question good students ask! Such a plural form would need to be “tried out” in a sentence as a nominative, then as a vocative. In all likelihood, the context would make it perfectly clear which works best. If context doesn’t make it clear….well, that’s why you are learning Greek! Now you understand why English versions may differ among themselves, why scholars may disagree on a given point, and what the full range of interpretive options might really be, which no English version can set before the reader! We are not working this hard just to be able to produce a “translation” of the Greek. Dozens of English versions do that quite well! We are working to be able, among other things, to look beneath translations, to understand how Greek works so as to see what interpretive decisions have been made by translators without our even knowing it! The Number of Nouns As the chart at the beginning of this chapter shows us, the various endings of the Greek noun locate this noun in one of two “numbers”, singular or plural. This is just as simple as it seems: singular refers to “one” angel, and plural refers to “more than one.” In the example sentence we have been using, you have already noticed that we had to place each Greek noun into either a singular or a plural form. [ is a nominative plural; is an accusative plural; is a genitive singular; is a dative plural; is a vocative singular.] If we wish, we can modify our sentence to switch the number for each noun. Notice how the Greek forms change from the rst sentence, which is our “original”: Important Note about Number: Angels are giving crowns of gold to apostles. Angels are giving crowns of gold to an apostle. Angels are giving a crown of gold to an apostle. An angel is giving a crown of gold to an apostle. You might have noticed in this last sentence that we changed more than just the number of the noun for “angel”. We also changed our verb from third person plural () to third person singular (). This is a required move! The reason for this should be obvious after a moment’s reection. If the nominative is clarifying the identity of the person signaled by the verb, then these two elements (the nominative noun and the person of the verb) must agree in number. In traditional grammatical instruction this is called Subject-Verb Agreement. 41 While English is not as inected as Greek, we can still see places where subject-verb agreement becomes visible in our choice of English words or their spelling.
Original. But shifting the subject… also requires a shift in the verb number I am sleeping You am sleeping You are sleeping… He is eating… They is eating… They are eating… He runs quickly… We runs quickly… We run quickly… The Forms of Nouns of the 2nd Declension You have already met the various forms of the masculine noun , seeing how they express the ve cases and two numbers in which that word can appear. You have noticed that the other nouns we have met (; ; ; ) use the same set of endings employed by . Now we need to expand our awareness of the family of endings at work with . In the second column below, we will meet a noun ( = “book”) representing family members that are feminine in gender. In the third column below, we will meet a noun ( = “gift”) representing family members that are neuter in gender. Carefully read this chart aloud. Number Case Masculine Nouns Feminine Nouns Neuter Nouns nominative genitive Singular dative accusative vocative nominative Plural genitive dative accusative vocative 1) As you look across the chart horizontally, you see that the genitives and datives are identical between all three columns. 2) You also notice that the masculine and feminine forms are exactly alike throughout. No differences! 3) You notice that in the neuter singular, the nominative and vocative appear to have taken the form of the accusative, making these three forms identical (). 4) You notice that in the neuter plural, the nominative, vocative, and accusative all share the same ending (). 5) Now you can see the value of knowing (or nding out) what gender a noun is. If you see the ending (), and know that the noun is masculine, then it must be accusative singular. But if you know the noun is neuter, then it could be nominative, vocative, or accusative. So how will we know which case it is? By context. By trying out all options to see which option best ts both the “grammatical machinery” and “sense” of the sentence. 3: Nouns and Their Cases 42
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Greek Elementary New Testament Jose
Page 7 and 8: Dedicated to my mentors in Greek H
Page 9 and 10: 5: Adjectives, The Verb “to Be”
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Page 15: Preface to the First Edition (Under
Page 18 and 19: 1: Reading Greek Aloud 1: Reading G
Page 20 and 21: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Additional N
Page 22 and 23: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Consonants a
Page 24 and 25: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Should the E
Page 26 and 27: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Digging into
Page 28 and 29: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Drills and E
Page 30: 1: Reading Greek Aloud 13 beta gamm
Page 33 and 34: Understanding Verb Parsing The arro
Page 35 and 36: expressing internal aspect. In Engl
Page 37 and 38: Please note carefully that three di
Page 39 and 40: 3) Middle Voice Finally, you will o
Page 41 and 42: Verbs with Roots ending in Short Vo
Page 43 and 44: Verbs Without Connecting Vowels (μ
Page 45 and 46: Digging into the New Testament Text
Page 47 and 48: Exercises I. Short Answer Doing exe
Page 49 and 50: 9) 10) 11) 12) Solutions to Exe
Page 51 and 52: 7) . 8) μ μ . 9) μ
Page 53 and 54: Tagged Sentences Angels D crowns P
Page 55 and 56: Mrs. Davis pondered a coyote in the
Page 57: The Dative Case The dative case in
Page 61 and 62: The Vocative: The whole sentence is
Page 63 and 64: wordlist code: 1773. Go back to App
Page 65 and 66: II. Memorizing the Endings for It
Page 67 and 68: IV. Parse For each of the following
Page 69 and 70: But how do we know which particular
Page 71 and 72: 2) CRUCIAL CONCEPT: Greek nouns are
Page 73 and 74: Chapter Four Vocabulary Adverbs: (T
Page 75 and 76: III. Add Articles: For each of the
Page 77 and 78: Now, let’s modify each of the nou
Page 79 and 80: Summary of the Positions of the Adj
Page 81 and 82: Word Order for Predicate Nouns and
Page 83 and 84: meek (ones); the merciful (ones)].
Page 85 and 86: Note: Many of these rst declension
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Page 89 and 90: cases depending on which prepositio
Page 91 and 92: Prepositions (2) Allowing Three Cas
Page 93 and 94: But while most prepositional phrase
Page 95 and 96: New Testament Exploration Phil. 1:1
Page 97 and 98: Exercises I. Short Answer 1) Of wha
Page 100 and 101: 7: Pronouns 7: Pronouns Easing the
Page 102 and 103: 7: Pronouns An Overview of 7 Types
Page 104 and 105: 7: Pronouns The Far Demonstrative 2
Page 106 and 107: 7: Pronouns The Uses of (forms of)
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7: Pronouns Digging Deeper into the
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7: Pronouns Exercises I. Short Answ
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7: Pronouns 12) 13) 14) 15) 1
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Diagramming Co-Ordinate and Sub- Or
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4) When set into a diagram, each ty
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Greek Particles One of the most int
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Chapter Eight Vocabulary A signican
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μ 8: Conjunctions eye place heav
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6) μ μ μ μ
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1) In each of the translations of t
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In the PASSIVE versions of #’s 3
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The Forms of the Present Passive fo
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een called Deponent verbs because t
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Exercises I. Short Answer 1) In wha
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10: Imperfect Tense 10: Imperfect T
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10: Imperfect Tense If a verb begin
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10: Imperfect Tense contraction bet
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10: Imperfect Tense Assembly Line A
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10: Imperfect Tense Assembly Line
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10: Imperfect Tense 3) In your Inte
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10: Imperfect Tense 4) Working with
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11: The Future Tense 11: The Future
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11: The Future Tense In other words
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11: The Future Tense Integrating Pr
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11: The Future Tense The Future Ten
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11: The Future Tense 143 The “no-
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11: The Future Tense 145 1st PrinPa
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11: The Future Tense 147 2) The end
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11: The Future Tense Suppletive (
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11: The Future Tense The Future Pas
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11: The Future Tense 153 1st PrinPa
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11: The Future Tense Interpretive M
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11: The Future Tense Chapter Eleven
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11: The Future Tense 3) Working wit
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12: Aorist Tense 12: Aorist Tense T
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12: Aorist Tense The Formation of t
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12: Aorist Tense The Personal Endin
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12: Aorist Tense 167 1st PrinPart (
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12: Aorist Tense Comparison of Impe
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12: Aorist Tense 171 “I knew”
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12: Aorist Tense A Review of the Te
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12: Aorist Tense the Parts of Speec
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12: Aorist Tense 177 3) Working wit
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12: Aorist Tense III. Synthetic Sen
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Nouns love (5) , angel (3) br
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Verbs [] I love (10) [] I draw, l
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slave, servant (8) gift (3) []
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child (3) again (4) always (4) +
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The declension of stem a prophet
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Third Declension The 3rd declension
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The declension of , , stem , a king
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The declension of μ small, is as
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The declension of μ μ μ great, i
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The declension of , having been d
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The declension of , this, is as f
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The declension of the reexing prono
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The rst principal part of the conju
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The fourth and fth principle parts
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The rst principle part of the conju
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The rst principle part of the conju
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Verbs: Future and Aorist of Liquid
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The third principle part of μ, I g
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The third principle part of μ, I p
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The third principle part of μ, I s
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Verbs: Conjugation of The conjugat
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Elementary New Testament Greek, 2014a

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