Elementary New Testament Greek, 2014a

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3: Nouns and Their Cases 3: Nouns and Their Cases Building a Simple Sentence in Greek In the last chapter we devoted ourselves to verbs in general (the ideas of tense, voice, mood, person, number), and to mastering the Present Active Indicative forms for all types of verbs. You also remember that a verb is the heartbeat of a sentence, the engine putting things in motion, the organizational hub around which everything is organized. Let’s take one of the verbs we studied last chapter (μ) and randomly choose the 3rd plural ( = “They are giving…”) to illustrate how we can attach various items to a verb to build a fuller sentence in English: We might want to specify who the givers are: We might want to identify just what they give: We might want to clarify the quality or nature of what they give: Angels are giving… Angels are giving crowns… Angels are giving crowns of gold… These sentences have exactly the same words, but word order alone tells us that different roles are played by Tom and Jane. In the rst sentence we know that Tom will exert energy, and that in the second sentence Jane will exert energy. In simple English sentences like these, the “Doer” must precede the verb, while the “Patient” must follow the verb. That’s just the “rule” we all follow, whether or not we think about it. Let’s Imagine But imagine a language that found a way around depending on word order for making sense. What if we could “tag” our words to show the roles being played? For this imaginary game, let “L” stand for “Listener,” “D” for “Doer,” “P” for Patient, “R” for “Receiver,” and “Q” for “Quality.” We will double underline our verb, just keep an eye on the hub of the sentence. Now let’s take the English sentence we created earlier, and tag the various roles within it: O Teacher L , angels D are giving crowns P of gold Q to apostles R ! 35 We might want to identify those to whom these things are being given: We might want to address someone directly when declaring the whole sentence: Angels are giving crowns of gold to children. Oh Teacher, angels are giving crowns of gold to children! If we and our audience understood the game, we could abandon our dependence on word order, and offer sentences with many different word sequences without sacricing clarity! In the examples below, the superscripts alone identify the roles being played, no matter where these words might actually occur in the sentence. In our native languages, each of us adds these elements without wondering how to do so. Without realizing it, we have absorbed the “rules” our language uses for organizing verbal trafc so we can understand each other. In English, one “rule” for how to add these items and build sentences is that word order is crucial for distinguishing the Do-er from the Patient (the one to whom something happens). Consider these two sentences: Tom carried Jane. Jane carried Tom.
Tagged Sentences Angels D crowns P gold Q apostles R teacher L are giving = Crowns P gold Q angels D teacher L apostles R are giving. = Crowns P gold Q teacher L angels D apostles R are giving. = Crowns P gold Q teacher L apostles R angels D are giving. = Crowns P gold Q apostles R teacher L are giving angels D . = Angels D apostles R crowns P gold Q are giving teacher L . = Teacher L angels D apostles R are giving crowns P gold Q . = Un-Tagged English Sentence O Teacher, angels are giving crowns of gold to apostles! Greek is such a language! While not completely ignoring word order, Greek tags its words far more extensively than does English. The languages using extensive tagging strategies for communicating meaning are called inected languages. So how does Greek tag its words? Rather than using superscripted tags, Greek attaches various endings to many of its words to signal just what roles they might play in a given sentence. Learning to read and understand Greek will require us to know all of the tagging strategies used by Greek. One such pattern of tags can be seen attached below to the word (angel). Notice the various endings that have been attached to the basic stem of the word (--): (Pronounce all elements in the following chart aloud, in rows from left to right. This will help seal the sequence of form, case, number, gender in the mind.) Identication Greek Forms Case Number Gender nominative singular masculine genitive singular masculine dative singular masculine accusative singular masculine vocative singular masculine nominative plural masculine genitive plural masculine dative plural masculine accusative plural masculine vocative plural masculine Now let’s take a look at the information supplied by these endings to the reader: 3: Nouns and Their Cases 36
Page 3: Greek Elementary New Testament Jose
Page 7 and 8: Dedicated to my mentors in Greek H
Page 9 and 10: 5: Adjectives, The Verb “to Be”
Page 11: ...................................
Page 15: Preface to the First Edition (Under
Page 18 and 19: 1: Reading Greek Aloud 1: Reading G
Page 20 and 21: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Additional N
Page 22 and 23: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Consonants a
Page 24 and 25: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Should the E
Page 26 and 27: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Digging into
Page 28 and 29: 1: Reading Greek Aloud Drills and E
Page 30: 1: Reading Greek Aloud 13 beta gamm
Page 33 and 34: Understanding Verb Parsing The arro
Page 35 and 36: expressing internal aspect. In Engl
Page 37 and 38: Please note carefully that three di
Page 39 and 40: 3) Middle Voice Finally, you will o
Page 41 and 42: Verbs with Roots ending in Short Vo
Page 43 and 44: Verbs Without Connecting Vowels (μ
Page 45 and 46: Digging into the New Testament Text
Page 47 and 48: Exercises I. Short Answer Doing exe
Page 49 and 50: 9) 10) 11) 12) Solutions to Exe
Page 51: 7) . 8) μ μ . 9) μ
Page 55 and 56: Mrs. Davis pondered a coyote in the
Page 57 and 58: The Dative Case The dative case in
Page 59 and 60: Original. But shifting the subject
Page 61 and 62: The Vocative: The whole sentence is
Page 63 and 64: wordlist code: 1773. Go back to App
Page 65 and 66: II. Memorizing the Endings for It
Page 67 and 68: IV. Parse For each of the following
Page 69 and 70: But how do we know which particular
Page 71 and 72: 2) CRUCIAL CONCEPT: Greek nouns are
Page 73 and 74: Chapter Four Vocabulary Adverbs: (T
Page 75 and 76: III. Add Articles: For each of the
Page 77 and 78: Now, let’s modify each of the nou
Page 79 and 80: Summary of the Positions of the Adj
Page 81 and 82: Word Order for Predicate Nouns and
Page 83 and 84: meek (ones); the merciful (ones)].
Page 85 and 86: Note: Many of these rst declension
Page 87 and 88: 6) 7) μ 8) 9) 10) 11)
Page 89 and 90: cases depending on which prepositio
Page 91 and 92: Prepositions (2) Allowing Three Cas
Page 93 and 94: But while most prepositional phrase
Page 95 and 96: New Testament Exploration Phil. 1:1
Page 97 and 98: Exercises I. Short Answer 1) Of wha
Page 100 and 101: 7: Pronouns 7: Pronouns Easing the
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7: Pronouns An Overview of 7 Types
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7: Pronouns The Far Demonstrative 2
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7: Pronouns The Uses of (forms of)
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7: Pronouns Digging Deeper into the
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7: Pronouns Exercises I. Short Answ
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7: Pronouns 12) 13) 14) 15) 1
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Diagramming Co-Ordinate and Sub- Or
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4) When set into a diagram, each ty
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Greek Particles One of the most int
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Chapter Eight Vocabulary A signican
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μ 8: Conjunctions eye place heav
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6) μ μ μ μ
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1) In each of the translations of t
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In the PASSIVE versions of #’s 3
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The Forms of the Present Passive fo
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een called Deponent verbs because t
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Exercises I. Short Answer 1) In wha
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10: Imperfect Tense 10: Imperfect T
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10: Imperfect Tense If a verb begin
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10: Imperfect Tense contraction bet
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10: Imperfect Tense Assembly Line A
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10: Imperfect Tense Assembly Line
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10: Imperfect Tense 3) In your Inte
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10: Imperfect Tense 4) Working with
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11: The Future Tense 11: The Future
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11: The Future Tense In other words
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11: The Future Tense Integrating Pr
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11: The Future Tense The Future Ten
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11: The Future Tense 143 The “no-
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11: The Future Tense 145 1st PrinPa
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11: The Future Tense 147 2) The end
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11: The Future Tense Suppletive (
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11: The Future Tense The Future Pas
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11: The Future Tense 153 1st PrinPa
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11: The Future Tense Interpretive M
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11: The Future Tense Chapter Eleven
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11: The Future Tense 3) Working wit
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12: Aorist Tense 12: Aorist Tense T
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12: Aorist Tense The Formation of t
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12: Aorist Tense The Personal Endin
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12: Aorist Tense 167 1st PrinPart (
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12: Aorist Tense Comparison of Impe
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12: Aorist Tense 171 “I knew”
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12: Aorist Tense A Review of the Te
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12: Aorist Tense the Parts of Speec
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12: Aorist Tense 177 3) Working wit
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12: Aorist Tense III. Synthetic Sen
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Nouns love (5) , angel (3) br
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Verbs [] I love (10) [] I draw, l
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slave, servant (8) gift (3) []
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child (3) again (4) always (4) +
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The declension of stem a prophet
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Third Declension The 3rd declension
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The declension of , , stem , a king
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The declension of μ small, is as
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The declension of μ μ μ great, i
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The declension of , having been d
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The declension of , this, is as f
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The declension of the reexing prono
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The rst principal part of the conju
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The fourth and fth principle parts
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The rst principle part of the conju
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The rst principle part of the conju
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Verbs: Future and Aorist of Liquid
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The third principle part of μ, I g
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The third principle part of μ, I p
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The third principle part of μ, I s
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Verbs: Conjugation of The conjugat
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Elementary New Testament Greek, 2014a

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