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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT If no measured data are available, either for the determination of a PECsed or for the calculation of a PNECsed, no quantitative risk characterisation for sediment can be performed. In this case the assessment conducted for the aquatic compartment will also cover the sediment compartment for chemicals with a log Kow up to 5. For substances with a log Kow > 5, or with a corresponding adsorption or binding behaviour, the PEC/PNEC ratio for the aquatic compartment is increased by a factor of 10. This factor is justified by the fact that the equilibrium partitioning method considers only the exposure via the water phase. The additional factor of 10 on the PEC/PNEC ratio takes into account the possible additional uptake via sediment ingestion (see Section 3.5.3). It has to be borne in mind that even this factor may be insufficient to achieve an appropriate level of protection in case of, for example, ionisable substances. Table 18 presents an overview of different data configurations and explains how to use them for the risk characterisation for sediment. Table 18 Requirements for performing a risk characterisation for sediment 112 Available measured data: PECsed Available measured data: PNECsed Risk characterisation Cpore water none Cpore water PNECwater Cbulk none Cbulk RHOsusp Ksusp-water PNECwater . 1000 none PNECsed Ksusp-water PECwater . 1000 PNECsed RHOsusp Cpore water PNECsed Ksusp-water Cpore water . 1000 PNECsed RHOsusp Cbulk PNECsed Cbulk where: Cpore water concentration in sediment pore water [mg . l-1 ] Cbulk concentration in whole sediment [mg . kgsed -1 Ksusp water suspended matter-water partitioning coefficient ] [m3. m-3 RHOsusp bulk density of suspended matter ] [kg eq. (10) . m-3 ] eq. (4) 3.5.3 Calculation of PNEC using the equilibrium method PNECsed In the absence of any ecotoxicological data for sediment-dwelling organisms, the PNECsed may be provisionally calculated using the equilibrium partitioning method. This method uses the PNECwater for aquatic organisms and the sediment/water partitioning coefficient as inputs (OECD, 1992b; Di Toro et al., 1991).
In the partitioning method, it is assumed that the: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • sediment-dwelling organisms and water column organisms are equally sensitive to the chemical; • concentration of the substance in sediment, interstitial water and benthic organisms are at thermodynamic equilibrium: the concentration in any of these phases can be predicted using the appropriate partition coefficients; • sediment/water partition coefficients can either be measured or derived on the basis of a generic partition method from separately measurable characteristics of the sediment and the properties of the chemical. (For the derivation of the sediment-water partition coefficient and the limits of the calculation methods see Section 2.3.5). The following formula, which is based on equilibrium partitioning theory, is applied: Explanation of symbols PNEC sed Ksusp−water = ⋅PNECwater ⋅1000 RHO susp PNECwater Predicted No Effect Concentration in water [mg . l -1 ] RHOsusp bulk density of wet suspended matter [kg . m -3 ] eq. (18) Ksusp water partition coefficient suspended matter water [m 3. m -3 ] eq. (24) PNECsed Predicted No Effect Concentration in sediment [mg . kg -1 ] The following qualifying comments apply regardless of whether the Ksusp water is measured or estimated: • the formula only considers uptake via the water phase. However, uptake may also occur via other exposure pathways like ingestion of sediment and direct contact with sediment. This may become important, especially for adsorbing chemicals, for example those with a log Kow greater than 3. For these compounds the total uptake may be underestimated; • there is evidence from studies in soil (Belfroid et al., 1995) that the proportion of the total dose remains low for chemicals with a log Kow up to 5. Although it is recognised that in principle results for the soil compartment may not be extrapolated to the sediment compartment, it is considered that the possible underestimation of exposure is acceptable when using the equilibrium partitioning method for chemicals with a log Kow between 3 and 5; • for compounds with a log Kow greater than 5 (or with a corresponding adsorption or binding behaviour, e.g. ionisable substances) the equilibrium method is used in a modified way. In order to take uptake via ingestion of sediment into account, the PECsed/PNECsed ratio is increased by a factor of 10. It should be borne in mind that this approach is considered only as a screen for assessing the level of risk to sediment dwelling organisms. If with this method a PEC/PNEC ratio > 1 is derived, then tests with benthic organisms using spiked sediment have to be conducted to support a refined risk assessment for the sediment compartment. (70) 113
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
Page 69 and 70: Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
Page 71 and 72: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 73 and 74: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
Page 75 and 76: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
Page 81 and 82: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
Page 83 and 84: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
Page 85 and 86: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
Page 87 and 88: Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
Page 89 and 90: Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
Page 91 and 92: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 93 and 94: Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
Page 95 and 96: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Page 97 and 98: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
Page 119: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
Page 143 and 144: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
Page 145 and 146: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
Page 147 and 148: 4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
Page 149 and 150: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
Page 151 and 152: Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
Page 153 and 154: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
Page 159 and 160: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
Page 161 and 162: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 163 and 164: Table 27 Assessment factors for der
Page 165 and 166: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 167 and 168: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
Page 169 and 170: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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