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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT calculated PEClocalwater may also increase the exposure time by repartitioning to the water phase over an extended period. For intermittent releases to the aquatic compartment a dedicated PNEC is used in the risk characterisation (see Section 3.2.2) that has been derived using a method differing from the usual one. Where the batch process occurs more frequently than above or is of a longer duration, protection against short-term effects cannot be guaranteed because fish, rooted plants and the majority of the macro-invertebrates are more likely to be exposed to the substance on the second and subsequent emissions. When intermittent release is identified for a substance, this is not necessarily applicable to all releases during the life-cycle. 2.3.3.5 Emissions during service-life of long-life articles Long-life articles are here defined as articles having a service-life longer than one year. Substances in such articles may accumulate in society (landfills excluded). The emissions from long-life articles can be expected to be highest at steady state (i.e. when the flow of an article into society equals the outflow, see Figure 5). Estimating the emissions often requires knowledge of the substance use pattern in the preceding years. There are several mechanisms for diffuse emission such as evaporation, leaching, corrosion, abrasion and weathering effects. An additional release route that in some cases is of importance is when a substance diffuses from one material into another (e.g. from glue material into construction material). Substances that are slowly emitted from long-life materials are often characterised by inherent properties such as low water solubility and low vapour pressure (e.g. 36 A C O N T I N E N T A L / R E G I O N A L S C A L E Accumulated amount of substance X in the society Annual input from "production", "formulation" and “industrial/ professional use” L O C A L S C A LE B C D Land fills Incineration sites Explanation of symbols: Annual flow of substance X in molecular form Annual flow of substance X in form of articles/m aterials Figure 5 Emissions from long-life articles at Steady state (A = B + C + D + E + F + G + H for society ; H = I + J + K for “waste remaining in the environment”). G H F E Accum ulated amount of substance X in "waste rem aining in the environm ent" AIR I K SURFACE WATER STP J K URBAN / IND.SOIL
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT semi-volatile substances). Particulate emissions will have different fate and behaviour properties compared to molecular emissions e.g. lower bioavailability and longer persistence. However, in the absence of more detailed data concerning adsorption/bioavailability/persistence, the substance content in small particles can be handled as if it was distributed in molecular form. The emission from articles can be assumed to be proportional to the surface area. It is, however, not always possible to estimate this area. Weight based emission factors are then used. For the molecular emission of additives from long-life materials, the emission can normally be expected to be highest in the beginning of the use period (due to diffusion mechanisms). The opposite situation occurs for solid metal products where the particle emission can be expected to be highest at the end of the use period. It is necessary to be aware that the emission factors are normally an average for the whole service life. There are no A-tables available for estimating emissions from the use of long-life articles. Instead the “emission scenario documents” in Chapter 7 can be used. If the use of articles is not covered by the emission scenario documents, the release estimations has to be done on a case by case basis. The service life of an article can be defined as the average lifetime of the article. If a significant proportion of an article/material/substance is re-used or recycled leading to a second service life this should be considered in the exposure assessment. Depending on the re-use/recycle pattern this can be handled in different ways: • if the recycling of an article leads to a second service life with the same or a similar use as the first service life this can be accounted for by adequately prolonging the first service life; • if the recycling of an article leads to a second service life different from the first service life, emissions from both service lives are calculated separately; • if the substance/material is recovered and used as raw material for production of new articles this amount should be added to the appropriate life-cycle stage (formulation, industrial/professional use), if not already accounted for. The calculations of emissions from long-life articles can be performed as follows: 1) estimation of the service life of the article; 2) estimation of emission factors for the substance from the actual material (e.g. fraction/tonnes or mg.m -2 surface area). If emission data are missing: - compare with similar articles described in chapter 7 (ESDs); - search for data in the literature; - use a worst-case assumption or if necessary request for an emission study; 3) calculation of the total releases of substance from articles at steady state. Assuming constant annual input of the substance and a constant emission factor the equation for the releases to a specific compartment and for the total of all compartments can be written as: and: RELEASEtot = ⋅Qtot _ accum _ steadystate (7) _ steadystatei, j, k Fi , j RELEASEtot = ⋅Qtot _ accum _ steadystate (8) _ steadystatei, total, k Fi , total k k 37
Page 1: Institute for Health and Consumer P
Page 4 and 5: LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
Page 7: OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
Page 13 and 14: 4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
Page 15 and 16: 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
Page 17 and 18: GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
Page 19 and 20: GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
Page 21 and 22: 2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Page 23 and 24: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
Page 25 and 26: 2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
Page 27 and 28: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
Page 29 and 30: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
Page 31 and 32: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
Page 33 and 34: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
Page 35 and 36: Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
Page 37 and 38: Back to processing Product at end o
Page 41 and 42: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
Page 43: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 47 and 48: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
Page 49 and 50: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
Page 51 and 52: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
Page 53 and 54: 2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
Page 55 and 56: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
Page 57 and 58: 2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
Page 59 and 60: 2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
Page 61 and 62: constant of zero. However, if it ca
Page 63 and 64: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
Page 67 and 68: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
Page 69 and 70: Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
Page 71 and 72: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 73 and 74: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
Page 75 and 76: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
Page 77 and 78: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
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Page 83 and 84: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
Page 85 and 86: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
Page 87 and 88: Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
Page 89 and 90: Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
Page 91 and 92: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 93 and 94: Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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