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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT density of a compartment cannot be changed independently of the fractions of the separate phases and vice versa. The bulk densities of the compartments soil, sediment, and suspended matter are defined by the fractions of the separate phases: RHOcomp Fsolid comp • RHOsolid + Fwatercomp • RHOwater + Faircomp Explanation of symbols 44 = • with comp ∈ { soil, sed, susp} RHOair Fxcomp fraction of phase x in compartment comp [m 3. m -3 ] Table 5 RHOx density of phase x [kg . m -3 ] Table 5 RHOcomp wet bulk density of compartment comp [kg . m -3 ] Application of the formulas above for the values mentioned leads to the following bulk densities of each standard environmental compartment: Total bulk density of the environmental compartments RHOsusp Bulk density of (wet) suspended matter [kg . m -3 ] 1,150 RHOsed Bulk density of (wet) sediment [kg . m -3 ] 1,300 RHOsoil Bulk density of (wet) soil [kg . m -3 ] 1,700 2.3.5 Partition coefficients In this section, the following processes are described: • fraction of substance in air associated with aerosol; • partitioning between air and water; • partitioning between solids and water in soil, sediment and suspended matter. Transport and transformation (“fate”) describe the distribution of a substance in the environment, or in organisms, and its changes with time (in concentration, chemical form, etc.). Since measured data on fate processes for different compartments are usually not available, they must be extrapolated from the primary data listed in Section 2.3.2. This section describes the derivation of the partitioning processes between air-aerosol, air-water, and solids-water in the various compartments. It should be noted that for ionising substances, partitioning behaviour between air-water and solids-water is dependent on the pH of the environment. Appendix XI gives more specific guidance for the assessment of these compounds. Fate estimates based on “partitioning” are limited to distribution of a substance in molecular form. For substances that also will be distributed in the environment as particles (caused by abrasion/weathering of anthropogenic materials) extrapolation based on partitioning may not be relevant. In such a case the partitioning method may underestimate exposure of soil and sediment environments and overestimate the exposure of water. If the particle size is small also air distribution may occur, at least in the local perspective. There are no estimation methods available for particle distribution so this has to be dealt with on a case-by-case basis. (18)
2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol particles ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT The fraction of the substance associated with aerosol particles can be estimated on the basis of the substance's vapour pressure, according to Junge (1977). In this equation, the sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure should be used. Explanation of symbols Fass aer = CONjunge • SURFaer VP + CONjunge • SURF CONjunge constant of Junge equation [Pa . m] * SURFaer surface area of aerosol particles [m 2. m -3 ] * VP vapour pressure [Pa] data set Fassaer fraction of the substance associated with aerosol particles [-] * as a default the product of CONjunge and SURFaer is set to 10 -4 Pa (Van de Meent, 1993; Heijna-Merkus and Hof, 1993). Alternatively the octanol-air partition coefficient could be used as described by Finizio et al. (1997). For solids, a correction of the vapour pressure is required to derive the sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure (Mackay, 1991): VPL = Explanation of symbols e VP 6.79 ( -TEMP TEMP ) melt • 1 TEMP environmental temperature [K] 285 TEMPmelt melting point of substance [K] data set VPL sub-cooled liquid vapour pressure [Pa] VP vapour pressure [Pa] data set 2.3.5.2 Volatilisation The transfer of a substance from the aqueous phase to the gas phase (e.g. stripping in the aeration tank of a STP, volatilisation from surface water) is estimated by means of its Henry's Law constant. If the value is not available in the input data set, the required Henry's Law constant and the Kair-water (also known as the “dimensionless” Henry's Law constant) can be estimated from the ratio of the vapour pressure to the water solubility. For water miscible compounds direct measurement of the Henry’s Law constant is recommended. HENRY = VP • MOLW SOL aer (19) (20) (21) 45
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Page 4 and 5: LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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