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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT to be conducted in order for a realistic risk assessment appropriate to the sediment compartment to be carried out. 4.3.2.4 Calculation of PNEC for marine sediment using assessment factors If results from whole-sediment tests with benthic organisms are available the PNECmarine sediment has to be derived using assessment factors. In establishing the size of the assessment factors, a number of uncertainties have to be addressed (cf. Section 3.2). Due to the generally long-term exposure of benthic organisms to sediment-bound substances, long-term tests with sub-lethal endpoints like reproduction, growth, emergence, sediment avoidance and burrowing activity are regarded as most relevant. In contrast to the concept applied to the pelagic marine compartment, it is only necessary to have results from one acute sediment test for the assessment factor of 10000 to apply. Furthermore if only results from short-term tests with freshwater sediment-dwelling organisms are available (at least one) an assessment factor of 10,000 is also applied to the lowest value. The PNECmarine sediment should also be calculated from the PNECsaltwater using the equilibrium-partitioning method. If, in addition to the results of tests with freshwater benthic organisms, a result from an acute toxicity test with a marine benthic organism (preferably representative of the same taxa that is most sensitive in aquatic freshwater or saltwater tests) is available then an assessment factor of 1000 is applicable. Once again a PNECmarine sediment should also be calculated from the PNECsaltwater using the equilibrium partitioning method. A reduction of the assessment factor is only permitted if results from long-term tests with sediment-dwelling organisms are available. A PNECmarine sediment is derived by application of the following assessment factors to the lowest LC50 value from acute tests: Table 26 Assessment factors for derivation of PNECmarine sediment from short-term sediment toxicity tests Available test results Assessment factor PNECmarine sediment One acute freshwater or marine test 10,000 Lowest of LC50 /10,000 and equilibriumpartitioning method Two acute tests including a minimum of one marine test with an organism of a sensitive taxa 154 1000 Lowest of LC50 /1000 and equilibriumpartitioning method A PNECmarine sediment is derived by application of the following assessment factors to the lowest NOEC/EC10 value from long-term tests:
Table 27 Assessment factors for derivation of PNECmarine sediment from long-term sediment toxicity tests MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Available test results Assessment factor a) One long-term freshwater sediment test 1000 Two long-term freshwater sediment tests with species representing different living and feeding conditions 500 One long-term freshwater and one saltwater sediment test representing different living and feeding conditions Three long-term sediment tests with species representing different living and feeding conditions 50 Three long-term tests with species representing different living and feeding conditions including a minimum of two tests with marine species a) The general principles of notes (c) and (d) as applied to data on aquatic organisms (Section 4.3.1.3) shall also apply to sediment data. Additionally, where there is convincing evidence that the sensitivity of marine organisms is adequately covered by that available from freshwater species, the assessment factors used for freshwater sediment data may be applied. Such evidence may include data from longterm testing of freshwater and marine aquatic organisms, and must include data on specific marine taxa. If no results from long-term tests with sediment organisms are available and the PEC/PNEC ratio derived from the results of short-term sediment tests or via the equilibrium partitioning method is a cause for concern then the need for long-term testing with sediment organisms should be considered. Since there are no chronic marine sediment test methods that are internationally accepted the results from any tests should always be carefully evaluated. Several factors can contribute to variability in test results. Of major importance to sediment tests are the effects of grain size and organic carbon content of the sediment on the bioavailability of a substance. Sediment grain size can also be an important factor in tests for other reasons. For example, the extent to which bacteria can be adsorbed onto the sediment varies with particle size. Likewise, different species of amphipods prefer sediments with different particle size distributions. No satisfactory solution to the question which reference sediment should be considered appropriate is therefore currently available. One should thus consider the tolerance of a given species with regard to the grain size distribution of the sediments in question. Also spiking techniques have to be optimised because often water is spiked after spiking the sediment. In addition, more insight is needed in the uptake route of sediment bound contaminants in the organisms (exposure assessment). Next to standardisation and test guidelines, it is necessary to further investigate the sensitivity, reproducibility and inter-laboratory variability of the tests. It must be mentioned that most available data on these facts concern the tests applied on field sediments, and not on spiked sediments. Examples of sub-chronic and chronic toxicity tests with whole sediment are given in Table 28. Most of the tests have been developed for amphipods and polychaetes and some of them are recommended by the OECD (1998a). There is a need for chronic tests to be developed for Mollusca. Early life-stage tests with mussels and oysters are available for testing aqueous phases but no standardised test is available for testing whole marine sediment samples. Chronic tests that measure effects on community structure are also available but these tests seem to be very insensitive. Functional endpoints tests, e.g. nutrient release rates, have been used to assess the effects of contaminated sediments (Dahllöff et al., 1999). A final point that should be borne in mind is that single-species toxicity tests do not take account of the interactions between the sediment inhabiting fauna and the fate or behaviour of chemical substances, caused by e.g. bioturbation (Ciarelli et al., 1999; 2000). No procedures are currently 100 10 155
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
Page 119 and 120: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
Page 143 and 144: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
Page 145 and 146: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
Page 147 and 148: 4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
Page 149 and 150: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
Page 151 and 152: Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
Page 153 and 154: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
Page 159 and 160: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
Page 161: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 165 and 166: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 167 and 168: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
Page 169 and 170: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
Page 171 and 172: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
Page 173 and 174: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
Page 175 and 176: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
Page 177 and 178: 4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
Page 179 and 180: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
Page 181 and 182: Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
Page 183 and 184: RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
Page 185 and 186: Classified dangerous to the Environ
Page 187 and 188: RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
Page 189 and 190: 6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 191 and 192: TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
Page 193 and 194: TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
Page 195 and 196: Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
Page 197 and 198: TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
Page 199 and 200: Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
Page 201 and 202: TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
Page 203 and 204: REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
Page 205 and 206: REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
Page 207 and 208: REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
Page 209 and 210: REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
Page 211: REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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