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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Such site-specific assessments should only be used when it is known that all the emissions emanating from the particular point in the life-cycle e.g. manufacture, arise from a limited number of specific and identifiable sites. In these circumstances each specific point of release will need to be assessed individually. If it is not possible to make this judgement, then the default assumptions should be applied. In site-specific assessments, due account can be taken of the true dilution available to the given emission as well as the impact of degradation, volatilisation, etc. in the derivation of the PEC. Normally, only dilution and adsorption to suspended sediment need to be considered but site-specific conditions may indicate that local distribution models can be used. It must be noted that with the assumption of complete mixing of the effluent in the surface water no account is taken of the fact that in reality in the mixing zone higher concentrations will occur. For situations with relatively low dilution factors this mixing-zone effect can be accepted. For situations with very high dilution factors, however, the mixing zones may be very long and the overall area that is impacted by the effluent before it is completely mixed can be very substantial. Therefore, in case of site-specific assessments the dilution factor that is applied for calculation of the local concentration in surface water should not be greater than 1000. If no measured data are available on the partition coefficient between suspended matter and water, Kpsusp, it can be estimated from the Koc of the substance, determined for other sorbents like soil or sediments (Section 2.3.5) by taking into account different organic carbon contents of the media. For some substances it may be possible that PECs are calculated in water which are in excess of the water solubility. These results need to be interpreted carefully on a case-by-case basis. The concentration in surface water will not be corrected, but the result needs to be flagged. The PEC has to be interpreted based on the effects found in the aquatic toxicity tests. In a situation where a substance is released through several point sources into the same river, the resulting cumulative concentration may in a first approach be estimated by assuming it to be released from one point source. If this PEC leads to “concern” then refined approaches may be used, such as river flow models, e.g. OECD (1992a) which address the specific emission pattern as well as river parameters. The local concentration in surface water is calculated as follows. 76 Clocal Explanation of symbols water = ( 1+ Kp susp Clocaleff - 6 • SUSPwater •10 ) • DILUTION Clocaleff concentration of the substance in the STP effluent [mg . l -1 ] eq. (33) Kpsusp solids-water partitioning coefficient of suspended matter [l . kg -1 ] eq. (23) SUSPwater concentration of suspended matter in the river [mg . l -1 ] 15 DILUTION dilution factor [-] 10 Clocalwater local concentration in surface water during emission episode [mg . l -1 ] (45)
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT When considering the available dilution, account should be taken of the fluctuating flow-rates of typical receiving waters. The low-flow rate (or 10 th percentile) should always be used. Where only average flows are available, the flow for dilution purposes should be estimated as one third of this average. When a site-specific assessment is appropriate, the actual dilution factor after complete mixing can be calculated from the flow rate of the river and the effluent discharge rate (this approach should only be used for rivers, not for estuaries or lakes): Explanation of symbols DILUTION = EFFLUENT stp +FLOW EFFLUENT stp EFFLUENTstp effluent discharge rate of stp [l . d -1 ] eq. (34) FLOW flow rate of the river [l . d -1 ] data set DILUTION dilution factor at the point of complete mixing [-] (max. = 1000) For indirect human exposure and secondary poisoning, an annual average concentration in surface water is calculated: Explanation of symbols Clocal water,ann = Clocal water Temission • Clocalwater local concentration in surface water during emission episode [mg . l -1 ] eq. (45) Temission number of days per year that the emission takes place [d . yr -1 ] App. IB Clocalwater,ann annual average local concentration in surface water [mg . l -1 ] The concentration at the regional scale (PECregionalwater) is used as background concentration for the local scale. Therefore, these concentrations are summed: Explanation of symbols 365 (46) (47) PEClocal water = Clocal water + PECregional water (48) PEClocal water,ann = Clocal water,ann + PECregional water (49) Clocalwater local concentration in surface water during episode [mg . l -1 ] eq. (45) Clocalwater,ann annual average concentration in surface water [mg . l -1 ] eq. (47) PECregionalwater regional concentration in surface water [mg . l -1 ] 2.3.8.7 PEClocalwater predicted environmental concentration during episode [mg . l -1 ] PEClocalwater,ann annual average predicted environmental concentration [mg . l -1 ] 77
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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Page 35 and 36: Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
Page 37 and 38: Back to processing Product at end o
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Page 41 and 42: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
Page 43 and 44: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 45 and 46: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
Page 47 and 48: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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Page 51 and 52: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
Page 53 and 54: 2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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Page 57 and 58: 2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
Page 59 and 60: 2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
Page 61 and 62: constant of zero. However, if it ca
Page 63 and 64: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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Page 69 and 70: Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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Page 75 and 76: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
Page 77 and 78: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
Page 81 and 82: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
Page 83: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
Page 87 and 88: Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
Page 89 and 90: Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
Page 93 and 94: Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
Page 95 and 96: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
Page 119 and 120: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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