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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Section 2.3.4 of the main text). The same applies to the bioconcentration factors required: only experimentally determined values should be used (see Section 3.8 of the main text and Section 3.3 of this appendix). For soils, the Kp values to be used should, as far as possible, be derived for the soil type of interest. The soil usage should also be taken into account (for instance cultivated versus non-cultivated soils) since this may be of importance for the most appropriate Kp values. Often volatilisation is to be ignored. In such cases, most of the metal present in the atmosphere is predominantly bound to aerosols which means that rates of dry and wet deposition (in combination with the scavenging ratio) of atmospheric aerosols will suffice to quantify transport from the atmosphere. If biotransformation occurs this must be taken into account. More specific guidance on the use of regional fate models is given in Figure 1. In general, the mathematical descriptions of fate processes used in multimedia fate models are also applicable to local models. Background concentrations When assessing the exposure of man and ecosystems to metals previous releases into the environment need to be considered. In view of differences in bioavailability (see below) it is important to distinguish between ambient background concentrations and natural background concentrations. One should be aware that natural background concentrations within an environmental compartment may vary from site to site by several orders of magnitude. Also, due to natural dynamic processes like weathering, natural background concentrations may change over time. This means that it is impossible to attribute single values to natural background concentrations of specific metals within a certain compartment. It should be noted that under natural conditions in certain regions, clearly elevated natural background concentrations can be encountered. When assessing the natural background concentration within a certain area, these “outliers” should not be used or included in the calculation of the standard background concentrations as they would give a non-representative picture thereof. Several methods are available for determining background concentrations. Apart from the obvious method of measuring metal levels at selected sites considered to be undisturbed by human activities, additional methods include: Geochemical modelling: estimation methods on the basis of the contribution of weathering processes (erosion). This method is shown to be well applicable for assessing natural background concentration in aqueous systems (rivers). Assessment of metal concentrations in the deeper sediment layers, taking into account anthropogenic contributions and leaching to these layers. For surface water having ground water as its origin: assessment of the metal concentrations in the deeper ground water. For soils, ambient background concentrations can be calculated as described above (reference lines). Through this procedure the natural binding capacity of soils, making the metal more or less inert in the solid phase, is approximated. Application of this procedure to both laboratory toxicity data and to field soils is possible. For surface water extensive national monitoring programs exist for the follow-up of metals in the aquatic environment since most metals are considered in the EC Regulation 76/464 as list I (“black list”) or list II (“grey list”) substances. Extraction of representative natural background 304
APPENDIX VIII concentrations may be possible from these data. However, these monitoring programs often measure total instead of dissolved metal concentrations. Equilibrium partitioning/bioavailability One should be aware that Kp values are both environment (site) and compound specific, and depend on the speciation of the metal in both the solid and the liquid (pore water) phase. The speciation of metals is strongly influenced by environmental factors like for instance temperature, redox conditions, pH, and composition of both the liquid and solid phase. 305
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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Page 272 and 273: APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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Page 286 and 287: APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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Page 308 and 309: APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
Page 310 and 311: APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
Page 314 and 315: APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
Page 316 and 317: APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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Page 322 and 323: APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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Page 328 and 329: APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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Page 336 and 337: APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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