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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT other compartments it is expected that an assessment factor be applied to the available effects data. The selection of this factor should take into account factors such as: • the type of tests that have been performed; • the duration of these tests; • the variety of species tested; • the type and severity of the effects observed. 3.7.2 Abiotic effects For the evaluation of an atmospheric risk, the following abiotic effects of a chemical on the atmosphere have to be considered: • global warming; • ozone depletion in the stratosphere; • ozone formation in the troposphere; • acidification. If for a chemical there are indications that one or several of these effects occur, expert knowledge should be consulted. A first quantitative approach is described in De Leeuw (1993): Global warming The impact of a substance on global warming depends on its IR absorption characteristics and its atmospheric lifetime. A potential greenhouse gas shows absorption bands in the so-called atmospheric window (800-1,200 nm). Stratospheric ozone A substance may have an effect on stratospheric ozone if; • the atmospheric lifetime is long enough to allow for transport to the stratosphere, and; • it contains one or more Cl, Br or F substituents. In general, ozone depletion potential values approach zero for molecules with atmospheric lifetimes less than one year. Tropospheric ozone The generation of tropospheric ozone depends on a number of factors: • the reactivity of the substance and the degradation pathway; • the meteorological conditions. The highest ozone concentrations are expected at high temperatures, high levels of solar radiation and low wind speeds; • the concentration of other air pollutants. The concentration of nitrogen oxides has to exceed several ppb. Highly reactive compounds (e.g. xylene, olefins or aldehydes) contribute significantly to the ozone peak values. Species with a low reactivity (e.g. CO, methane) are important for ozone formation in the free troposphere and therefore for the long-term ozone concentrations. However, all studies showed significant variability in the tropospheric ozone building potential values assigned to each organic component. It has to be concluded that at present there is no 120
EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure available to estimate the effect on tropospheric ozone if only the basic characteristics of a substance are known. Acidification During the oxidation of substances containing Cl, F, N or S substituents, acidifying components (e.g. HCl, HF, NO2 and HNO3, SO2 and H2SO4) may be formed. After deposition, these oxidation products will lead to acidification of the receiving soil or surface water. 3.8 ASSESSMENT OF SECONDARY POISONING 3.8.1 Introduction Bioconcentration and bioaccumulation may be of concern for lipophilic organic chemicals and some metal compounds as both direct and indirect toxic effects may be observed upon long-term exposure. For metals guidance is given in Appendix VIII. Bioconcentration is defined as the net result of the uptake, distribution and elimination of a substance in an organism due to waterborne exposure, whereas bioaccumulation includes all routes, i.e. air, water, soil and food. Biomagnification is defined as accumulation and transfer of chemicals via the food chain, resulting in an increase of the internal concentration in organisms at higher levels in the trophic chain. Secondary poisoning is concerned with toxic effects in the higher members of the food chain, either living in the aquatic or terrestrial environment, which result from ingestion of organisms from lower trophic levels that contain accumulated substances. For many hydrophobic chemicals, accumulation through the food chain follows many different pathways along different trophic levels. A good risk estimation of this complex process is hampered when only limited data from laboratory studies are available. One way to assess a chemicals risk for bioaccumulation in aquatic species is to measure the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF). The static bioconcentration factor is the ratio between the concentration in the organism and the concentration in water in a steady-state (sometimes also called equilibrium) situation. When uptake and depuration kinetics are measured, the dynamic bioconcentration factor can be calculated from the quotient of the uptake and depuration rate constants: Explanation of symbols fish BCF fish = water C C or k k 1 2 (73) Cfish concentration in fish [mg . kg -1 ] Cwater concentration in water [mg . l -1 ] k1 uptake rate constant from water [l . kg -1. d -1 ] k2 elimination rate constant [d -1 ] BCFfish bioconcentration factor [l . kg -1 ] For new and existing substances, the assessment of these processes is revised as more information becomes available on toxicological and ecotoxicological effects and exposure. At the base-set level the available physico-chemical and (eco)toxicological information can be used to decide whether or not there are indications for a potential for bioaccumulation and/or indirect 121
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
Page 81 and 82: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
Page 83 and 84: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
Page 85 and 86: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
Page 87 and 88: Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
Page 89 and 90: Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
Page 91 and 92: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 93 and 94: Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
Page 95 and 96: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Page 97 and 98: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
Page 119 and 120: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
Page 143 and 144: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
Page 145 and 146: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
Page 147 and 148: 4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
Page 149 and 150: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
Page 151 and 152: Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
Page 153 and 154: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
Page 159 and 160: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
Page 161 and 162: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 163 and 164: Table 27 Assessment factors for der
Page 165 and 166: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 167 and 168: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
Page 169 and 170: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
Page 171 and 172: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
Page 173 and 174: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
Page 175 and 176: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
Page 177 and 178: 4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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