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290 Table 1 Selected soil test methodologies Test Organism Duration Endpoints Reference/Source Comments Microbial Processes Microbial Processes N-Transformation Microbial Processes C-Transformation Invertebrate Fauna Eisenia fetida/andrei (Oligochaeta) Table 1 continued overleaf ≥28 d M (i) EU draft C.21: Soil Microorganisms. Nitrification Transformation Test. (ii) OECD 216 Soil Microorganisms, Nitrogen Transformation Test (2000). (iii) ISO 14238 Soil quality – Biological methods: Determination of nitrogen mineralisation and nitrification in soils and the influence of chemicals on these processes (1997). ≥28 d M (i) EU draft C.22: Soil Microorganisms. Carbon Transformation Test. (ii) OECD 217 Soil Microorganisms, Carbon Transformation Test (2000). (iii) ISO 14238 Soil quality – Laboratory incubations systems for measuring the mineralisation of organic chemicals in soil under aerobic conditions (1997). 7 – 14 d S (i) EU C.8: Earthworm acute toxicity test. (ii) OECD 207 Earthworm acute toxicity tests (1984). (iii) ISO 11268-1 Soil Quality – Effects of pollutants on earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Part 1: Determination of acute toxicity using artificial soil substrate (1993). (iv) ASTM E1676-97 Standard guide for conducting laboratory soil toxicity or bioaccumulation tests with the Lumbricid earthworm Eisenia fetida (1997). − Addresses short-term adverse effects. − Based on soil microflora nitrate production. − Bacteria are present at up to 10 million per cm 2 in soils. This corresponds to several tonnes per hectare. − Addresses short-term adverse effects. − Based on soil microflora respiration rate. − Bacteria are present at up to 10 million per cm2 in soils. This corresponds to several tonnes per hectare. − Adult survival assessed after 1 – 2 weeks. − Important ecological function (enhance decomposition and mineralisation via incorporation of matter into soil). − Important food source and potential route of bioaccumulation by higher organisms. − Large size/ease of handling. − Readily cultured/maintained in the laboratory. − Litter-dwelling epigeic species. − Standard test organism for terrestrial ecotoxicology. − The Lumbricidae account for 12% of the edaphon (soil biota) by biomass and are therefore important prey species. APPENDIX V
291 Table 1 continued Selected soil test methodologies Test Organism Duration Endpoints Reference/Source Comments Invertebrate Fauna (continued) Eisenia fetida/andrei (Oligochaeta) Aporrectodea caliginosa (Oligochaeta) Table 1 continued overleaf 28d + 28d S/G/R (i) OECD (2000). Earthworm Reproduction Test (Draft). (ii) ISO 11268-2 Soil Quality – Effects of Pollutants on Earthworms (Eisenia fetida). Part 2: Determination of Effects on Reproduction (1998). (iii) US EPA (1996). Ecological Effects Test Guidelines. OPPTS 850.6200 Earthworm Subchronic Toxicity Test. US EPA, Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances (7104). EPA712-C-96-167, April 1996. (iv) Kula & Larink (1998). Tests on the earthworms Eisenia fetida and Aporrectodea caliginosa. In Handbook of Soil Invertebrates (Eds. Hans Løkke & Cornelis A.M. Van Gestel). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK. S/G/R Kula & Larink (1998). Tests on the earthworms Eisenia fetida and Aporrectodea caliginosa. In Handbook of Soil Invertebrates (Eds. Hans Løkke & Cornelis A.M. Van Gestel). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK. − Adult growth and survival assessed after 4 weeks. − Reproduction (juvenile number) assessed after a further 4 weeks (8 weeks total). − Relatively long generation time (8 weeks). − Important ecological function (enhance decomposition and mineralisation via incorporation of matter into soil). − Important food source and potential route of bioaccumulation by higher organisms. − Large size/ease of handling. − Readily cultured/maintained in the laboratory. − Litter-dwelling epigeic species. − Standard test organism for terrestrial ecotoxicology. − The Lumbricidae account for 12% of the edaphon (soil biota) by biomass and are therefore important prey species. − Mortality, growth and cocoon number assessed after 4 weeks. − Relatively slow reproductive cycle. − Cultures difficult to maintain. − Horizontal burrowing (endogeic) mineral soil species. − Selective feeders digesting fungi, bacteria and algae. − Dominant in agro-ecosystems. Present at 10 – 250 per m 2 . APPENDIX V
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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Page 272 and 273: APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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Page 282 and 283: APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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Page 286 and 287: APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
Page 288 and 289: APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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Page 292 and 293: APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
Page 294 and 295: APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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Page 300 and 301: 292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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Page 308 and 309: APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
Page 310 and 311: APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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Page 314 and 315: APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
Page 316 and 317: APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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Page 328 and 329: APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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Page 336 and 337: APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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