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REFERENCES ECETOC (1993). Assessment of the Biodegradation of Chemicals in the Marine Environments. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), Technical Report No. 54, Brussels. ECETOC (1994a). Aquatic Toxicity Data Evaluation. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), Technical Report No. 56, Brussels. ECETOC (1994b). Environmental Exposure Assessment. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), Technical Report No. 61, Brussels. ECETOC (2000). Comparative Ecotoxicity of Chemicals to Freshwater and Saltwater Organisms. Background paper provided to the TGD working group on Marine Risk Assessment. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), Brussels. ECETOC (in press). The Role of Bioaccumulation in Environmental Risk Assessment: The Aquatic Environment and the Related Food Web. European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC), Technical Report No. 68, Brussels. Eijsackers HJP (1989). The Netherlands Integrated Soil Research Programme: Plan and Realization of the Research Programme. Programme Office for Integrated Soil Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Finizio A, Mackay D, Bidleman T and Hamer T (1997). Octanol-air partition coefficient as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosol. Atmospheric Environment 30, 2289-2296. Elf & IARE (1996). Biodegradability of chemical substances in seawater. Results of the OSPARCOM ring test. Prepared by Elf Akvamiljo & Institut des Aménagements Régionaux et de l’Environnement (IARE). Emans HJB, Van De Plassche EJ, Canton JH, Okkerman PC, Sparenburg PM (1993). Validation of some extrapolation methods used for effect assessment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12, 2139-2154. Esser HO and Mosser P (1982). An appraisal of problems related to the measurement and evaluation of bioaccumulation. Ecotox. Env. Saf. 6, 131-148. Evans MS, Noguchi GE and Rice CP (1991). The biomagnification of polychlorinated biphenyls, toxaphene, and DDT compounds in a Lake Michigan offshore food web. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20, 87-93. EU Annex V Testing Methods, relevant Directives and Official Journals; ECB web page . Fisk AT, Norstrom RJ, Cymbalisty CD and Muir DCG (1998). Dietary accumulation and depuration of hydrophobic organochlorines: Bioaccumulation parameters and their relationship with the octanol/water partition coefficient. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17, 951-961. Frank R and Klöppfer W (1989). A convenient model and program for the assessment of abiotic degradation of chemicals in natural waters. Ecotox. Environ. Safety 17, 323-332. Heijna-Merkus E and Hof M (1993). Harmonisation of Model Parameters. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), RIVM Report 679102022, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. HELCOM (1998). The Third Baltic Sea Pollution Load Compilation (PLC-3). Helsinki Commission (HELCOM), Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 70, Helsinki, Finland. Herbst T and Nendza M (2000). UBA Inventory of Marine Biotest Methods for the Evaluation of Dredged Material and Sediments. Umwelt BundesAmt Research Report 298 25 753. Hill IR, Heimbach F, Leeuwangh P and Mathiessen P (eds.) (1994). Freshwater Field Tests for Hazard Assessment of Chemicals. Lewis Publishers, London. Hine J and Mookerjee PK (1975). The intrinsic hydrophilic character of organic compounds. Correlations in terms of structural contributions. J. Org. Chem. 40(3), 292-298. Hoekstra JA, Van Ewijk PH (1993). Alternatives for the no-observed-effect level. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12, 187-194. Horowitz A, Shelton DR, Cornell CP and Tiedje JM (1982). Anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds in sediments and digested sludge. Dev. Ind. Microbiol. 23, 435-444. IFEN (1997). L’environnement littoral et marin. Institut français de l’environnement (IFEN), Collection Etudes et Travaux n° 16. Décembre 1997. 196
REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework for the Integration of Health and Ecological Risk Assessment. World Health Organisation (WHO), International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS). Draft, April 2000. Geneva. ISO (1993). Soil Quality - Effects of Pollutants on Earthworms (Eisenia fetida) - Part 2: Method for the Determination of Effects on Reproduction. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Draft International Standard. ISO (1989). Water Quality - Method for Assessing the Inhibition of Nitrification of Activated Sludge Microorganisms by Chemicals and Waste Waters. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), No. 9509. ISO (1995). Water Quality – Evaluation of the “Ultimate” Anaerobic Biodegradability of Organic Compounds in Digested Sludge – Method by Measurement of the Biogas Production. International Organisation for Standardisation, No. 11734. ISO/DIS (2001). Evaluation of the Aerobic Biodegradability of Organic Compounds at Low Concentrations – Part 1. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Draft guideline No. 14592-1. ISO/DIS (2001). Evaluation of the Aerobic Biodegradability of Organic Compounds at Low Concentrations – Part 2. International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO), Draft guideline No. 14592-2. Jager T (1998). Mechanistic approach for estimating bioconcentration of organic chemicals in earthworms (Oligochaeta). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 17(10), 2080-2090. Jongbloed RH, Pijnenburg J, Mensink BJWG, Traas TIP and Luttik R (1994). A Model for Environmental Risk Assessment and Standard Setting Based on Biomagnification. Top Predators in Terrestrial Ecosystems. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM). RIVM Report 71901012, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Junge CE (1977). In: Fate of Pollutants in the Air and Water Environment. Suffet IH (ed), Wiley Interscience, New York, NY, 7-25. Kaag NHBM (1998). The Role of Feeding in the Bioavailability of Sediment Bound Contaminants to Marine Benthic Invertebrates. Thesis Free University, Amsterdam. Knacker T and Morgan E (1994). UBA Workshop on Terrestrial Model Ecosystems. Umwelt BundesAmt, UBA-FB 94-117. Kooijman SALM (1987). A safety factor for LC50 values allowing for differences in sensitivity among species. Wat. Res. 21, 269-276. Källquist T (2000). Minutes from 2 nd Expert Meeting on the Revision of OECD Test Guideline 201, Algae Growth Inhibition Test, Oslo, 29-30 Nov. 1999; Revision of OECD Test Guideline 201, Algae Growth Inhibition test, Progress Report May 2000 and Draft Proposal for an Update of OECD Test Guideline 201 (Dec. 2000). Karman CC, Vik EA, Schobben HPM, Ojford GD and van Dokkum HP (1998). Charm III Main Report. Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), TNO Report TNO-MEP – R 96/355, Zeist, The Netherlands. Léon CD and Van Gestel CAM (1994). Selection of a Set of Standardized Laboratory Toxicity Tests for the Hazard Assessment of Chemical Substances in Terrestrial Ecosystems. Vrije Universiteit, Department of Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Report No. D94004, Amsterdam. Lewis R (1997). Dispersion in Estuaries and Coastal Waters. John Wiley & Sons Publishers, Chichester, UK, p. 312. Løkke H and Van Gestel CAM (1993). Manual for SECOFASE, Development, Improvement and Standardization of Test Systems for Assessing Sublethal Effects of Chemicals on Fauna in the Soil Ecosystem. Report from a Workshop held in Silkeborg, Denmark, January 18-19, 1993, National Environmental Research Institute, 41 pp. Lǿkke H. and Van Gestel CAM (eds) (1998). Handbook of Soil Invertebrate Toxicity Tests. Ecological and Environmental Toxicology Series, John Wiley & Sons Publishers, Chichester, UK. Ma WC (1994). Methodological principles of using small mammals for ecological hazard assessment of a chemical soil pollution, with examples on cadmium and lead. In: Ecotoxicology of soil organisms. Donker MH, Eijsackers H, Heimbach F (eds), SETAC Special Publication Series, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA. Mackay D (1991). Multimedia Environmental Models. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI, USA. 197
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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Page 161 and 162: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 163 and 164: Table 27 Assessment factors for der
Page 165 and 166: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 167 and 168: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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Page 175 and 176: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
Page 177 and 178: 4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
Page 179 and 180: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
Page 181 and 182: Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
Page 183 and 184: RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
Page 185 and 186: Classified dangerous to the Environ
Page 187 and 188: RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
Page 189 and 190: 6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 191 and 192: TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
Page 193 and 194: TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
Page 195 and 196: Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
Page 197 and 198: TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
Page 199 and 200: Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
Page 201 and 202: TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
Page 203: REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
Page 207 and 208: REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
Page 209 and 210: REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
Page 211: REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
Page 214 and 215: APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
Page 216 and 217: APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
Page 218 and 219: APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
Page 220 and 221: APPENDIX I the number of days over
Page 222 and 223: APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
Page 224 and 225: APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
Page 226 and 227: APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
Page 228 and 229: APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
Page 230 and 231: APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
Page 232 and 233: APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
Page 234 and 235: APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
Page 236 and 237: APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
Page 238 and 239: APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
Page 240 and 241: APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
Page 242 and 243: APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
Page 244 and 245: APPENDIX I For the emission factors
Page 246 and 247: APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
Page 248 and 249: APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
Page 250 and 251: APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
Page 252 and 253: APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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