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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT and most no-effect levels are expressed in term of concentrations of the food that the organisms consume (i.e. in mg .kg -1 food). Therefore, the actual assessment is normally based on a comparison of the (predicted) concentration in the food of the top predator and the (predicted) no-effect concentration which is based on studies with laboratory animals. A distinction is made between the methodology used to assess the effects of substances whose effects can be related directly to bioconcentration (direct uptake via water) and those where also indirect uptake via the food may contribute significantly to the bioaccumulation. Highly bioaccumulative substances have both a very high bioconcentration potential (log Kow typically >4.5 or BCF > 500) and are also resistant to biotransformation in animals. Biomagnification of such chemicals (increased food chain accumulation) is a major risk to the top predators of food webs, as the consumption of contaminated food is a major source of contaminants in predatory marine birds and mammals. In contrast the direct uptake of substances from the environment (that is from water and sediment) is only of minor relevance (Biddinger and Gloss, 1984; Opperhuizen, 1991). Factors that make these very hydrophobic substances of particular concern to the marine environment include longer food chains, migratory and reproductive aspects that may cause especially high exposure of progeny of marine species likely, long-life of many marine predators, and a higher fat content. However, whilst steady state levels in birds may be reached within weeks depending on the biological half-life of the chemical (Pearce et al., 1989), contamination levels in mammals may continually increase with age, with a plateau only being evident after several years (Thompson, 1990; Teigen et al., 1993). No distinction can effectively be made between the spatial scales in the approach to the assessment since the predators will take food from sources spread across local and regional marine scenarios, as well as from the open sea. In the assessment it is therefore proposed to use a PECsaltwater based on the mean of the local and regional concentrations for the assessment of the local situation, and for the regional situation to apply a spatially broader scale. Given that marine predators may have a wider range of foraging and that the regional sea concentrations will normally be lower, this is considered as a reasonable worst-case assumption. Bioaccumulation of metallic species is not considered explicitly in this section. 4.3.3.2 Assessment of bioaccumulation and secondary poisoning The assessment scheme The principal endpoints for the secondary poisoning assessment are the predators and top predators that prey on organisms that are in direct contact with the marine aqueous phase and receive the substances from this source. A relatively simple food chain is modelled which consists of the marine water phase, marine food, marine fish and two separate levels of predators. This food chain is visualised in Figure 16. As can be seen from this scheme risks for three different trophic levels need to be assessed: 1. risks to marine fish: No specific calculation needs to be performed for estimating the risk to marine fish as this is covered by the risk assessment for aquatic organisms. 2. risks to marine predators: The risk to marine predators is calculated as the ratio between the concentration in their food (marine fish) and the no-effect concentration for oral intake (PNECoralpredator). The concentration in the marine fish (Cfish) is obtained from bioconcentration of the substance from the aqueous phase and (for very hydrophobic substances) as a result of bioaccumulation from the food the fish consumes (which consists 158
MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different types of aquatic organisms). Therefore, both a bioconcentration factor (BCF) and a biomagnification factor (BMF1) are used to calculate Cfish. Note that for the BCFfish also information for other organisms such as mussels may be considered. 3. risks to marine top predators: The risk to marine top-predators is calculated as the ratio between the concentration in their food (marine predators) and the no-effect concentration for oral intake (PNECoraltop predator). Since very hydrophobic substances may biomagnify in the tissue and organs of the predator, for the calculation of the internal concentration of the predator an additional biomagnification factor (BMF2) must be applied. Note that no additional BMF factor for the top predator itself is required since the comparison between PECoral and PNECoral is not based on internal concentrations but on intake rates. Marine water Marine food Fish C fish from BCF and BMF 1 Figure 16: Secondary poisoning food chain It is realised that food chains of the marine environment can be very long and complex and may consist of 5 or more trophic levels. The possible extent of bioaccumulation in marine food chains with more than the above three to four trophic levels should be evaluated case by case if necessary input data for such an evaluation is available, using the principles for the shorter food chain. Also if further data are available it may be possible to refine the assessment of secondary poisoning via marine food chains by employing more advanced modelling that takes the differences in for instance uptake and metabolic rates into account for the different trophic levels. In the relatively simple food chain given above the concentration in the fish (i.e. the food for the fish-eater) ideally should take account of all possible exposure routes, but in most instances this will not be possible because it is not clear what contribution each potential exposure route makes to the overall body burden of a contaminant in fish species. Therefore for very hydrophobic substances a simple correction factor for potential biomagnification on top of the bioconcentration through the water phase is applied. Calculation of PEC in food of predators The actual calculation of the concentration of a chemical in the food of the predators and top predators will include the following steps: PECoral, predator = PECseawater ⋅ BCF fish Predator C predator from C fish and BMF 2 ⋅ BMF PECoral, toppredator = PECoral, predator ⋅ BMF2 = PECwater ⋅ BCF fish 1 Top - predator ⋅ BMF ⋅ BMF 1 2 (89) (90) 159
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
Page 119 and 120: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
Page 143 and 144: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
Page 145 and 146: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
Page 147 and 148: 4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
Page 149 and 150: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
Page 151 and 152: Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
Page 153 and 154: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
Page 159 and 160: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
Page 161 and 162: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 163 and 164: Table 27 Assessment factors for der
Page 165: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 169 and 170: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
Page 171 and 172: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
Page 173 and 174: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
Page 175 and 176: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
Page 177 and 178: 4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
Page 179 and 180: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
Page 181 and 182: Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
Page 183 and 184: RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
Page 185 and 186: Classified dangerous to the Environ
Page 187 and 188: RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
Page 189 and 190: 6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 191 and 192: TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
Page 193 and 194: TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
Page 195 and 196: Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
Page 197 and 198: TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
Page 199 and 200: Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
Page 201 and 202: TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
Page 203 and 204: REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
Page 205 and 206: REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
Page 207 and 208: REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
Page 209 and 210: REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
Page 211: REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
Page 214 and 215: APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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