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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT although this effect tends to be marginal. However, the global scales provide more insight in the ultimate persistence of the chemical. Table 14 Parameters for continental model 90 Parameter Value in continental model area of the continental system 3.56 . 10 6 km 2 area fraction of water 0.03 area fraction of natural soil 0.60 area fraction of agricultural soil 0.27 area fraction of industrial/urban soil 0.10 2.4 SUMMARY OF PECs DERIVED In summary, the local estimations yield the following input and output information: Input Physico-chemical properties Section 2.3.2 Characterisation of the environment Table 5 Emission data Section 2.3.3.3 Partitioning coefficients Section 2.3.5 Degradation rates Section 2.3.6 Fate in sewage treatment plants Section 2.3.7 Output PECmicroorganisms local PEC for microorganisms in the STP [mg . l -1 ] eq. (38), (36) PEClocalwater local PEC in surface water (dissolved) during episode [mg . l -1 ] eq. (48) PEClocalwater,ann annual average local PEC in surface water (dissolved) [mg . l -1 ] eq. (49) PEClocalsed local PEC in sediment (total) [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (50) PEClocalair,ann annual average local PEC in air (total) [mg . m -3 ] eq. (42) PEClocalsoil local PEC in agricultural soil (total), averaged over 30 days [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (66) PEClocalagr.soil local PEC in agricultural soil (total), averaged over 180 days [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (66) PEClocalgrassland local PEC in grassland (total), averaged over 180 days [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (66) PEClocalagr.soil,porew local PEC in porewater of agricultural soil [mg . l -1 ] eq. (67) PEClocalgrassland,porew local PEC in porewater of grassland [mg . l -1 ] eq. (67) PEClocalgrw local PEC in groundwater under agricultural soil [mg . l -1 ] eq. (68) The regional estimations yield the following input and output information: Input Physico-chemical properties Section 2.3.2 Characterisation of the environment Table 4 Parameters of the regional compartments Table 11, Table 12, Table 13 Emission data Section 2.3.3.3 Partitioning coefficients Section 2.3.5 Degradation rates Section 2.3.6 Fate in sewage treatment plants Section 2.3.7
Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PECregionalwater regional PEC in surface water (dissolved) [mg . l -1 ] Section 2.3.8.7 PECregionalair regional PEC in air (total) [mg . m -3 ] Section 2.3.8.7 PECregionalagr.soil regional PEC in agricultural soil (total) [mg . kg -1 ] Section 2.3.8.7 PECregionalnatural soil regional PEC in natural soil (total) [mg . kg -1 ] Section 2.3.8.7 PECregionalagr.soil,porew regional PEC in porewater of agricultural soils [mg . l -1 ] Section 2.3.8.7 PECregionalsed regional PEC in sediment (total) [mg . kg -1 ] Section 2.3.8.7 2.5 DECISION ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATION USED FOR RISK CHARACTERISATION When PECs have been derived from both measured data and calculation, they are compared. If they are not of the same order of magnitude, analysis and critical discussion of divergences are important steps for developing an environmental risk assessment of existing substances. The following cases can be distinguished: • Calculated PEC ≈ PEC based on measured concentrations The result indicates that the most relevant sources of exposure were taken into account. For risk characterisation, the value with the highest confidence should be used; • Calculated PEC > PEC based on measured concentrations This result might indicate that relevant elimination processes were not considered in the PEC calculation or that the employed model was not suitable to simulate the real environmental conditions for the regarded substance. On the other hand measured data may not be reliable or represent only the background concentration or PECregional in the regarded environmental compartment. If the PEC based on measured data has been derived from a sufficient number of representative samples then they should override the model predictions. However if it cannot be demonstrated for the calculated PEC that the scenario is not unrealistically worst-case, the calculated PEC should be preferred. • Calculated PEC < PEC based on measured concentrations This relation between calculated PEC and PEC based on measured concentrations can be caused by the fact that relevant sources of emission were not taken into account when calculating the PEC, or that the used models were not suitable. Similarly, an overestimation of degradation of the compound may be the explanation. Alternative causes may be spillage, a recent change in use pattern or emission reducing measures that are not yet reflected in the samples. If it is confirmed that the PEC based on measured concentrations is still representative for the exposure situation of the substance further work is needed to elucidate the exposure situation. Other reasons might cause the described divergence: • there is a transboundary influx; • a natural source exists; • the compound represents a metabolite of another substance; • a retarded remobilisation results from a pool present in other environmental compartments (e.g. from scrap or waste materials or former applications). 91
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Page 51 and 52: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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Page 61 and 62: constant of zero. However, if it ca
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Page 69 and 70: Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
Page 71 and 72: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 73 and 74: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
Page 75 and 76: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
Page 77 and 78: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
Page 81 and 82: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
Page 83 and 84: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
Page 85 and 86: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
Page 87 and 88: Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
Page 89 and 90: Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
Page 91 and 92: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 93 and 94: Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
Page 95 and 96: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
Page 119 and 120: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
Page 143 and 144: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
Page 145 and 146: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
Page 147 and 148: 4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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