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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 2.3.8.6 Calculation of concentration in groundwater In this section, the following parameter is derived: • local concentration in groundwater. The concentration in groundwater is calculated for indirect exposure of humans through drinking water. For the calculation of groundwater levels, several numerical models are available (mainly for pesticides). These models, however, require a characterisation of the soil on a high level of detail. This makes these models less appropriate for the initial standard assessment. Therefore, as an indication for potential groundwater levels, the concentration in porewater of agricultural soil is taken. It should be noted that this is a worst-case assumption, neglecting transformation and dilution in deeper soil layers. Explanation of symbols 86 PEClocal grw = PEClocal agr.soil,porew (68) PEClocalagr.soil,porew predicted environmental conc. in porewater [mg . l -1 ] eq. (67) PEClocalgrw predicted environmental conc. in groundwater [mg . l -1 ] 2.3.8.7 Calculation of PECregional In this section, the following parameters are derived: • Regional exposure concentrations in all environmental compartments. Regional computations are done by means of multimedia fate models based on the fugacity concept. Recently, models have been described by Mackay et al. (1992), Van de Meent (1993) and Brandes et al., 1996) (SimpleBox). These models are box models, consisting of a number of compartments (see Figure 13) which are considered homogeneous and well mixed. A substance released into the model scenario is distributed between the compartments according to the properties of both the substance and the model environment. Several types of fate processes are distinguished in the regional assessment, as drawn in Figure 13: emission advection diffusion degradation • emission, direct and indirect (via STP) to the compartments air, water, industrial soil, and agricultural soil; • degradation, biotic and abiotic degradation processes in all compartments; AIR SED. WATER NATURAL SOIL AIR AGRICULT. SOIL GROUNDWATER INDUST. SOIL Figure 13 The relevant emission and distribution routes
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT • diffusive transport, as e.g. gas absorption and volatilisation. Diffusive mass transfer between two compartments goes both ways, the net flow may be either way, depending on the concentration in both compartments; • advective transport, as e.g. deposition, run-off, erosion. In the case of advective transport, a substance is carried from one compartment into another by a carrier that physically flows from one compartment into the other. Therefore, advective transport is strictly one-way. Substance input to the model is regarded as continuous and equivalent to continuous diffuse emission. The results from the model are steady-state concentrations, which can be regarded as estimates of long-term average exposure levels. The fact that a steady state between the compartments is calculated, does not imply that the compartment to which the emission takes place is of no importance. In a Mackay-type level III model, the distribution and absolute concentrations may highly depend upon the compartment of entry. Advective import and export (defined as inflow from outside the model or outflow from the model environment) can be very important for the outcome of both regional and local model calculations. Therefore, the concentration of a substance at the “border” of the region must be taken into account. This is defined as the background concentration of a substance. The background concentration in a local model can be obtained from the outcome of the regional model. For substances with many relatively small point sources, this background concentration may represent a significant addition to the concentration from a local source. The background concentration in the regional model has to be calculated using a similar box model of a larger scale, e.g. with the size of the European continent. In this continental model, however, it is assumed that no inflow of air and water across the boundaries occurs. Furthermore it is assumed that all substance releases enter into this continental environment. The resulting steady-state concentrations are then used as transboundary or background concentrations in the regional model. The continental and regional computations should thus be done in sequence. Figure 1 visualises the relationship between the concentrations calculated for the different model scales. For both the regional and continental scale, the total emission amounts (through diffuse and point sources, summed over all stages of the life-cycle) are used. For the PECregional calculation, in contrast to PEClocal, an average percentage connection rate to STPs should be included in the calculation. This leads to a more realistic estimation of the likely background concentration on a regional scale. For the purposes of the generic regional model, a STP connection rate of 80% (the EU average according to Appendix XII) will be assumed. The results from the regional model should be interpreted with caution. The environmental concentrations are averages for the entire regional compartments (which were assumed well mixed). Locally, concentrations may be much higher than these average values. Furthermore, there is a considerable degree of uncertainty due to the uncertainty in the determination of input parameters (e.g. degradation rates, partitioning coefficients). Model parameters for PECregional When calculating the PECregional it is important which modelling parameters are chosen and what fraction of the total emissions is used as emission for the region. There are two different possibilities: 87
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
Page 43 and 44: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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Page 61 and 62: constant of zero. However, if it ca
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Page 69 and 70: Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
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Page 83 and 84: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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Page 87 and 88: Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
Page 89 and 90: Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
Page 93: Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
Page 143 and 144: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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