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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Readily degradable 2) 15 15 50 Readily degradable, but failing 10-d window 50 50 150 Inherently degradable 3) 150 150 ∞ Persistent ∞ ∞ ∞ Notes to Table 24: 1) Half-lives from Table 7. 2) Pass level >70% DOC removal or > 60% ThOD in 28 days. Not applicable for freshwater. 3) A half-life of 150 days may be used only for those inherently degradable substances that are quickly mineralised in the MITI II or the Zahn Wellens Test (cf. TGD Chapter 2.3.6). The half-life of 150 days is not fully scientifically justifiable (cf. TGD Chapter 2.3.6), but reflects a “guesstimate consensus” between a number of experts. 4) Also including shallow marine water closest to the coastline 5) The half-lives mentioned under this heading are normally to be used in the regional assessment (coastal model) as described in Section 4.2.5. The half-lives for the marine environments that are described in Table 24 are provisional recommendations, which should be reconsidered, when sufficient data for degradation of different substances in screening tests and simulation tests have been evaluated. The basis for the recommendation is the assumption that the degradation of xenobiotics in freshwater and estuarine waters in general can be described by similar degradation rates, whereas the degradation rates are lower in other marine environments more distant from the coastline (Here the half-life is suggested to be increased by a factor of three relative to estuaries for readily biodegradable substances and even more for more slowly degradable substances, see Table 24). 4.2.4 Local Assessment 4.2.4.1 Introduction Usually releases to the environment stem from a point source leading to a locally high environmental concentration of the substance. The highest risk resulting from discharges, emissions and losses of a chemical into the environment is expected to be at this local scale close to the point of emission. It should be recognised that this might not always be the case and that other local high concentrations can arise some distance from the point of an emission due to marine currents, transport and deposition of sediments etc. Where this is considered possible for a local emission, specific modelling or measurements may be necessary. Since the aquatic concentrations are highest at the point of emission, risks may be adequately assessed, at this local scale, using the existing methodologies. 140
MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition to the inland sources of emission, there may also be direct discharges to the marine environment. Thus, releases can occur from point sources: • to estuaries, either by direct discharges or from inland sources via riverine inputs (or both); • to coastal areas; • to harbour areas from port activity and shipping; • to open sea e.g. from offshore oil and gas installations and from ships; • atmospheric deposition. 4.2.4.2 Calculation of PEClocal for the aquatic compartment In the current procedure of inland environmental risk assessment, the use of marine exposure scenarios had become necessary whenever site-specific assessments were performed for a large number of industrial sites, of which some actually discharge directly to the sea. A risk assessment for the marine environment on a local scale was therefore only performed for specific sites identified as releasing directly into the sea. In the context of a dedicated methodology for marine risk assessment, a more generic exposure assessment for any given use is necessary. While in some countries with long coastlines, the number of industrial sites discharging wastewater to the sea is low compared with the overall number of sites (e.g. 5 – 10% in France; IFEN, 1997), it can be very high in others (e.g. 58 % in Sweden; SCB, 2000). It is therefore assumed that for all uses of a given chemical substance, potential local releases to the marine environment can occur and, hence, it is necessary to perform a generic local exposure assessment for the local marine environment. As for inland risk assessment, the calculation of the PEClocal depends mainly on two parameters: dilution and the presence (or absence) of a STP. Both of these parameters have large influences on the local concentration (Clocalseawater). Regarding the presence or absence of a STP, conflicting information is available. Experience with the risk assessment of existing substances has shown that for chemical processing sites located on the coast, the probability that the effluents are treated in a biological treatment plant is much lower than for sites situated in land (see e.g., risk assessment reports for acrylonitrile, cyclohexane or methylene dianiline). This is confirmed by a survey performed by HELCOM (1998). While most industrial effluents from sites located on the Baltic Sea coast were treated (up to 98 %), the report did not contain detailed information on the treatment used from all contracting parties of HELCOM. However, from the data compiled in Sweden it appears that less than 50% of the industrial wastewater discharged passes a biological treatment step. On the other hand, statistics regarding treatment of municipal wastewater show that the treatment rate of municipal wastewater from coastal municipalities is not different from overall treatment rates (e.g. IFEN, 1997; HELCOM, 1998). On the other hand, four EU Member States have applied Article 6 of Directive 91/271 allowing them to declare marine areas non sensitive to urban wastewater meaning that they don’t have to treat the wastewater biologically but only mechanically. It is therefore proposed, for a default assessment, that in a local setting, industrial effluents (which may have been subject to some treatment on-site) are not treated in a municipal biological STP. It is recognised though that the situation regarding the treatment of industrial effluents is evolving rapidly and the present scenario could be revised in the near future. When there is specific information available for a certain site that specific treatment facilities are available this information needs to be assessed and can be used to override the default 141
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
Page 119 and 120: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
Page 143 and 144: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
Page 145 and 146: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
Page 147: 4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
Page 151 and 152: Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
Page 153 and 154: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
Page 159 and 160: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
Page 161 and 162: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 163 and 164: Table 27 Assessment factors for der
Page 165 and 166: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 167 and 168: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
Page 169 and 170: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
Page 171 and 172: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
Page 173 and 174: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
Page 175 and 176: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
Page 177 and 178: 4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
Page 179 and 180: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
Page 181 and 182: Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
Page 183 and 184: RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
Page 185 and 186: Classified dangerous to the Environ
Page 187 and 188: RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
Page 189 and 190: 6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 191 and 192: TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
Page 193 and 194: TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
Page 195 and 196: Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
Page 197 and 198: TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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