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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Explanation of symbols PECoralpredator concentration in the food of the predator [mg . kg -1 ] PECoraltop predator concentration in the food of the top predator [mg . kg -1 ] PECseawater concentration in seawater [mg . l -1 ] BCFfish bioconcentration factor [l . kg -1 ] eq. (73) BMF1 biomagnification factor in fish [-] Table 29 BMF2 biomagnification factor in the predator [-] Table 29 The biomagnification factors used should, ideally, be based on measured values. However, the limited availability of such data means that in most instances the default values described below may have to be used. The use of a default value represents a screening approach designed to identify substances for which it may be necessary to obtain more detailed information on the biomagnification factor. Although there may be relationships between the magnitude of the BMF and the log Kow of the substance under defined conditions, the available data are not conclusive. Other more complex intrinsic properties of substances than the lipophilicity (log Kow) seems to be important as well as the species under consideration (e.g. its biology in relation to uptake, metabolism etc.). As a simple screening approach, however, it seems reasonable to assume that for organic substances with a log Kow up to 4.5 biomagnification seems generally to be low and thus BMF = 1. For higher log Kow the biomagnification increases up to around log Kow 7 and then it decreases again to be low around log Kow 9 (Fisk et al., 1998). Based on data published by Rasmussen et al. (1990), Clark and Mackay (1991), Evans et al. (1991) and Fisk et al. (1998), the default BMF values in Table 29 are suggested. If a BCF for fish is available, it is possible to use that as a trigger instead of log Kow. The BCF triggers recommended are less conservative than the log Kow triggers because they more realistically take the potential for metabolism in biota (i.e. fish) into account. Due to this increased relevance, the use of BCF as a trigger would take precedence over a trigger based on log Kow. Table 29 Default BMF values for organic substances with different log Kow or BCF in fish 160 log Kow BCF (fish) BMF1 BMF2 5,000 10 10 >8 – 9 2,000-5,000 3 3 >9 < 2,000 1 1 The derivation of appropriate default BMFs can only, at this stage, be considered as preliminary for use in screening of chemicals for the purposes of identifying those that need further scrutiny. In reviewing the appropriateness of the BMF applied in any particular assessment, it should be recognised that factors other than the log Kow and BCF should also be taken into account. Such factors should include the available evidence that may indicate a potential for the substance to metabolise or other evidence indicating a low potential for biomagnification. Evidence of a potential for significant metabolism may include: • data from in vitro metabolism studies; • data from mammalian metabolism studies; • evidence of metabolism from structurally similar compounds;
MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measured BCF significantly lower than predicted from the log Kow, indicating possible metabolism. Where evidence exists suggesting that such metabolism may occur, the BMF detailed above may be reduced. Where such reductions are proposed, a detailed justification must be provided. Application of different spatial scales Apart from the fact that for the assessment of the risks to the top predator an additional biomagnification factor is used the assessment also differs in terms of the input values that are used for the seawater concentrations that lead to the concentrations in the food of the different predators. For the first tier (or trophic level) of predators a worst-case assumption is that they obtain their prey equally from the local and regional area, respectively. This is in line with the assessment for freshwater and terrestrial organisms where a similar choice is made. For the calculation of the PECoral for the predators this implies the following: ( PEClocal PECregional ) PEC + seawater = 0. 5⋅ seawater, ann seawater When PECseawater is substituted in equation 89 this results in the following equation: Explanation of symbols ( PEClocalseawater, ann + PECregionalseawater ) ⋅ 0. 5⋅ BCF ⋅ BMF1 PECoral, predator = fish PECoralpredator concentration in the food of the predator [mg . kg -1 ] PECseawater concentration in seawater [mg . l -1 ] BCFfish bioconcentration factor [l . kg -1 ] eq. (73) BMF1 biomagnification factor in fish [-] Table 29 PECregionalseawater predicted environmental concentration in the region [mg . l -1 ] PEClocalseawater,ann annual average predicted environmental concentration [mg . l -1 ] For the second tier of organisms, the top predators, it can be assumed that they obtain their prey mainly from the larger-scale regional marine environment which is to a lesser extent influenced by point source discharges. However, since it cannot be ruled out that certain top predators prey on organisms that receive their food from relatively small areas it is proposed to assume, as a realistic worst case, a 90/10 ratio between regional and local food intake. For the calculation of the oral intake rate for the top predator (PECoraltop predator) this implies: PEC = ⋅ PEClocal + 9 ⋅ PECregional water (91) (92) 0 . 1 seawater, ann 0. seawater (93) When PECwater is substituted in equation 90 this results in the following equation: ( 0. 1⋅ PEClocalseawater, ann + 0. 9 ⋅ PECregionalseawater ) ⋅ BCF ⋅ BMF1 ⋅ BMF2 PECoral, top predator = fish − (94) 161
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
Page 143 and 144: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
Page 145 and 146: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
Page 147 and 148: 4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
Page 149 and 150: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
Page 151 and 152: Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
Page 153 and 154: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
Page 159 and 160: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
Page 161 and 162: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 163 and 164: Table 27 Assessment factors for der
Page 165 and 166: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 167: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
Page 171 and 172: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
Page 173 and 174: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
Page 175 and 176: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
Page 177 and 178: 4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
Page 179 and 180: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
Page 181 and 182: Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
Page 183 and 184: RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
Page 185 and 186: Classified dangerous to the Environ
Page 187 and 188: RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
Page 189 and 190: 6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 191 and 192: TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
Page 193 and 194: TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
Page 195 and 196: Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
Page 197 and 198: TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
Page 199 and 200: Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
Page 201 and 202: TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
Page 203 and 204: REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
Page 205 and 206: REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
Page 207 and 208: REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
Page 209 and 210: REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
Page 211: REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
Page 214 and 215: APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
Page 216 and 217: APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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