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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT At the end of each year, a fraction Facc of the initial concentration remains in the top-soil layer. The initial concentration after 10 applications of sludge is given by: 84 9 n [ ] Csludge (0) = Csludge (0) • 1 + ∑ Facc (62) soil 10 soil 1 n = 1 The sum of both the concentration due to deposition and sludge is the initial concentration in year 10: C (0) = Cdep (0) + Csludge (0) (63) soil 10 soil 10 soil 10 This initial concentration can be used in equation (54) to calculate the average concentration in soil over a certain time period. Indicating persistency of the substance in soil Ten consecutive years of accumulation may not be sufficient for some substances to reach a steady-state situation. These substances may accumulate for hundreds of years. To indicate potential problems of persistency in soil, the fraction of the steady-state concentration can be derived: Explanation of symbols Fst - st = C C soil soil ∞ 10 (0) (0) Csoil 10 (0) initial concentration after 10 years [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (63) Csoil ∞ (0) initial concentration in steady-state situation [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (65) Fst-st fraction of steady-state in soil achieved [-] The initial concentration in the steady-state year is given by: Explanation of symbols air C soil = D ∞ (0) + Csludge soil 1 (0) k • 1 1 - Facc Dair aerial deposition flux per kg of soil [mg . kg -1. d -1 ] eq. (52) k first order rate constant for removal from top soil [d -1 ] eq. (56) Facc fraction accumulation in one year [-] eq. (61) Csludgesoil 1 (0) concentration in soil due to sludge in first year at t=0 [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (60) Csoil∞(0) initial concentration in steady-state situation [mg . kg -1 ] (64) (65)
Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soil, three different PECs are calculated, for different endpoints (Table 11). Table 11 Characteristics of soil and soil-use for the three different endpoints Depth of soil compartment Averaging time Rate of sludge application Endpoint [m] [days] [kgdwt . m -2. year -1 ] ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PEClocalsoil 0.20 30 0.5 terrestrial ecosystem PEClocalagr. soil 0.20 180 0.5 crops for human consumption PEClocalgrassland 0.10 180 0.1 grass for cattle The “depth of soil” represents the depth range for the top soil layer which is of interest. The depth of 20 cm is taken because this range usually has a high root density of crops, and represents the ploughing depth. For grassland, the depth is less since grasslands are not ploughed. The averaging period of 180 days for crops is chosen as a representative growing period for crops. For grassland this period represents a reasonable assumption for the period that cattle is grazing on the field. For the ecosystem a period of 30 days is taken as a relevant time period with respect to chronic exposure of soil organisms. The concentration at the regional scale is used as background concentration for the local scale. For this purpose, the concentration in unpolluted soil needs to be applied (“natural soil”, only input through deposition). Otherwise, sludge application is taken into account twice. Explanation of symbols PEClocal soil = Clocal soil + PECregional natural soil (66) Clocalsoil local concentration in soil [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (54) PECregionalnatural soil regional concentration in natural soil [mg . kg -1 ] 2.3.8.7 PEClocalsoil predicted environmental conc. in soil [mg . kg -1 ] The equation for deriving the concentration in the pore water is: Explanation of symbols PEClocal soil, porew = PEClocal RHO K soil-water • 1000 soil • soil PEClocalsoil predicted environmental conc. in soil [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (66) Ksoil-water soil-water partitioning coefficient [m 3. m -3 ] eq. (24) RHOsoil bulk density of wet soil [kg . m -3 ] eq. (18) PEClocalsoil,porew predicted environmental conc. in porewater [mg . l -1 ] (67) 85
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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Page 43 and 44: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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Page 61 and 62: constant of zero. However, if it ca
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Page 69 and 70: Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
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Page 83 and 84: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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Page 87 and 88: Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
Page 89 and 90: Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Page 95 and 96: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Page 97 and 98: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
Page 119 and 120: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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