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REFERENCES Mackay D, Paterson S, Shiu WY (1992). Generic models for evaluating the regional fate of chemicals; Chemosphere 24(6), 695-717. Madsen T, Rasmussen HB and L Nilsson (1995). Anaerobic biodegradation potentials in digested sludge, a freshwater swamp and a marine sediment. Chemosphere 31, 4243-4258. Mayer et al. (1996). Bioavailability of sedimentary contaminants subject to deposit feeder and digestion. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 2641-2645. Meylan WM and Howard PH (1991). Bond contribution method for estimating Henry's law constants. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10, 1283 - 1293. Meylan WM, Howard PH, Boethling RS and Aronson A (1999). Improved method for estimating bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factor from octanol/water partition coefficient. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 18, 664-672. Mikkelsen J (1995). Fate Model for Organic Chemicals in an Activated Sludge Wastewater Treatment Plant - Modification of SimpleTreat. National Environmental Research Institute, Denmark. Prepared for the Danish EPA. Moss B (1988). Ecology of Fresh Waters. 2 nd Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. Naton E (1989). Die Prüfung der Nebenwirkung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln auf Aleochara bilineata Gyll. (Col., Staphylinidae). Anzeiger für Schädlingskunde Pflanzenschutz Umweltschutz 62. NEN (1988). Soil - Determination of the Influence of Chemicals on Soil Nitrification. Nederlandse Norm No. 5795, Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut, Delft. Nendza M, Herbst T, Kussatz C and Gies A (1997). Potential for secondary poisoning and biomagnification in marine organisms. Chemosphere 35(9), 1875-1885. Notenboom J and Boessenkool JJ (1992). Acute toxicity testing with the groundwater copecod Parastenocarsis germanica (Crustecea). In: Proceedings of the 1 st International Conference on Groundwater Ecology. Stanford JA and Simons JJ (eds). American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, MD, USA, pp. 301-309. Nyholm N (1985). Response variable in algal growth inhibition tests - Biomass or growth rate? Water Res. 19(3), 273-279. Nyholm N amd Källquist T (1989). Methods for growth inhibition tests with freshwater algae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8, 689-703. OECD (1981a). Bioaccumulation: Flow-through Fish Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 305E, Paris. OECD (1981b). Simulation test - Aerobic Sewage Treatment, Coupled Unit Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 303A, Paris. OECD (1981c). Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), (including 1984 and 1987 updates), Paris. OECD (1981d). Inherent Biodegradability (A: Modified SCAS Test, C: Zahn-Wellens/Modified MITI Test (II)). Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 302A-C, Paris. OECD (1984a). Alga, Growth Inhibition Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 201, Paris. OECD (1984b). Daphnia sp., Acute Immobilisation Test and Reproduction Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 202, Paris. OECD (1984c). Fish, Prolonged Toxicity: 14-day Study. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 204, Paris. OECD (1984d). Earthworm Acute Toxicity Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 207, Paris. OECD (1984e). Terrestrial Plants, Growth Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 208 (update proposal: July 2000), Paris. 198
REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated Sludge, Respiration Inhibition Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 209, Paris. OECD (1984g). Fish, Early-life Stage Toxicity Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 210, Paris. OECD (1984h). Avian Dietary Toxicity Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 205, Paris. OECD (1984i). Avian Reproduction Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 206, Paris. OECD (1989). Report of the OECD Workshop on Ecological Effects Assessment. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Environment Monographs No. 26, Paris. OECD (1992a). Screening Assessment Model System (SAMS), Version 1.1. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris. OECD (1992b). Report of the OECD Workshop on Effects Assessment of Chemicals in Sediment. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Environment Monographs No. 60, Paris. OECD (1992c). The Rate of Photochemical Transformation of Gaseous Organic Compounds in Air Under Tropospheric Conditions. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Environment Monographs No. 61, Paris. OECD (1992d). Report of the OECD Workshop on the extrapolation of laboratory aquatic toxicity data on the real environment. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Environment Monographs No 59, Paris. OECD (1992e). Biodegradability in Seawater. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 306, Paris. OECD (1992f). Ready Biodegradability. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 301A-F, Paris. OECD (1992g). Inherent Biodegradability: Zahn-Wellens/EMPA Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 302B, Paris. OECD (1993a). Application of Structure-Activity Relationships to the Estimation of Properties Important in Exposure Assessment. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Environment Monographs No. 67, Paris. OECD (1993b). OECD Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris. OECD (1996). Bioaccumulation: Flow-through Fish Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 305, Paris. OECD (1995). Terrestrial Effects Working Group Meeting, Paris 18-19 June 1995. Draft summary of discussions. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Paris. OECD (1998a). Detailed Review Paper on Aquatic Testing Methods for Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Environmental Health and Safety Publications. Series on Testing and Assessment No. 11, Paris. OECD (1998b). Daphnia magna Reproduction Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 211, Paris. OECD (1998c). Fish, Short-term Toxicity Test on Embryo and Sac-fry Stages. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 212, Paris. OECD (2000a). Adsorption – Desorption using a Batch Equilibrium Method, updated Guideline. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 106, Paris. OECD (2000b). Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Soil, draft Guideline. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals No. 307, Paris. 199
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
Page 159 and 160: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
Page 161 and 162: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 163 and 164: Table 27 Assessment factors for der
Page 165 and 166: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 167 and 168: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
Page 169 and 170: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
Page 171 and 172: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
Page 173 and 174: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
Page 175 and 176: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
Page 177 and 178: 4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
Page 179 and 180: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
Page 181 and 182: Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
Page 183 and 184: RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
Page 185 and 186: Classified dangerous to the Environ
Page 187 and 188: RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
Page 189 and 190: 6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 191 and 192: TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
Page 193 and 194: TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
Page 195 and 196: Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
Page 197 and 198: TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
Page 199 and 200: Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
Page 201 and 202: TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
Page 203 and 204: REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
Page 205: REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
Page 209 and 210: REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
Page 211: REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
Page 214 and 215: APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
Page 216 and 217: APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
Page 218 and 219: APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
Page 220 and 221: APPENDIX I the number of days over
Page 222 and 223: APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
Page 224 and 225: APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
Page 226 and 227: APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
Page 228 and 229: APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
Page 230 and 231: APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
Page 232 and 233: APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
Page 234 and 235: APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
Page 236 and 237: APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
Page 238 and 239: APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
Page 240 and 241: APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
Page 242 and 243: APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
Page 244 and 245: APPENDIX I For the emission factors
Page 246 and 247: APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
Page 248 and 249: APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
Page 250 and 251: APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
Page 252 and 253: APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
Page 254 and 255: APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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