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294 Table 1 continued Selected soil test methodologies Test Organism Duration Endpoints Reference/Source Comments Invertebrate Fauna (continued) Brachydesmus superus (Diplopoda) Lithobius mutabilis (Chilopoda) Philonthus cognatus (Coleoptera) Table 1 continued overleaf 70 d S/R Tajovsky (1998). Test on the Millipede Brachydesmus superus. In “Handbook of Soil Invertebrates” (Eds. Hans Løkke & Cornelis A.M. Van Gestel). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK. 28 – 84 d S/G/L/M Laskowski et al. (1998). Test on the Centipede Lithobius mutabilis. In “Handbook of Soil Invertebrates” (Eds. Hans Løkke & Cornelis A.M. Van Gestel). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK. 42 – 70 d S/R Metge & Heimbach (1998). Test on the Staphylinid Philonthus cognatus. In “Handbook of Soil Invertebrates” (Eds. Hans Løkke & Cornelis A.M. Van Gestel). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK. − Animal number, nest number, egg number and offspring number determined weekly. − Difficult to maintain culture throughout year. − Alimentary uptake via dosed food or soil. − Millipedes are important primary decomposers of leaf litter and organic detritus. − Their faecal pellets provide a micro-environment for microorganisms such as fungi and micro-arthropods. − Important prey for carabid beetles, centipedes and spiders and insectivorous birds and mammals. Diplopoda are present at 10 – 100 per m 2 . − Mortality, biomass, respiration rate and locomotor activity determined after 4 weeks (degradable compounds) to 12 weeks (persistent compounds). − Food chain effect measured via use of dosed prey (fly larvae). − Centipedes are important carnivorous arthropods feeding on small earthworms, millipedes, woodlice and springtails. They are in turn prey for birds and mammals. Chilopoda are present up to 100 per m 2 . − Beetles exposed for one week to determine subsequent effect on egg production and hatching rate over 6 – 10 weeks. Mortality may also be assessed. − Predators of springtails, aphids, dipterans & coleopteran larvae. Prey to birds, mice and large arthropods. − Estimated densities of 1 adult per 2 – 5 m 2 . APPENDIX V
295 Table 1 continued Selected soil test methodologies Test Organism Duration Endpoints Reference/Source Comments Invertebrate Fauna (continued) Competition between Plectus acuminatus (Nematoda) and Heterocephalobus pauciannulatus (Nematoda) Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda) Table 1 continued overleaf 14 d S/R Kammenga & Riksen (1998). Test on the competition between the nematodes Plectus acuminatus and Heterocephalobus pauciannulatus. In Handbook of Soil Invertebrates (Eds. Hans Løkke & Cornelis A.M. Van Gestel). John Wiley & Sons: Chichester, UK. 1 d S (i) Donkin & Dusenbury (1993). A soil toxicity test using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and an effective method of recovery. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25, 145-151. (ii) Freeman et al. (1999). A soil bioassay using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ASTM STP 1364. (iii) Peredney & Williams (2000). Utility of Caenorhabditis elegans for assessing heavy metal contamination in artificial soil. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39, 113-118. 3d G/R (i) Neumann-Hensel & Ahlf (1998). Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt Report Number 05446. (ii) Höss (2001). Bestimmung der Wirkung von Sediment- und Bodenproben auf Wachstum und Fruchtbarkeit von Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda). Draft DIN standard. − Competition between two bacterivorous nematode species. − Ratio determined after two weeks. − Nematodes are important in decomposition and cycling of organic materials. − Abundant and readily retrieved from soil and cultured. − Nematodes are the most abundant element of the mesofauna and account for 2% by mass of the edaphon (soil biomass). This corresponds to approximately 10 million per m2 . − Mortality assessed after 1 d. − Important in decomposition and cycling of organic materials. − Abundant and readily retrieved from soil and cultured. − Nematodes are the most abundant element of the mesofauna and account for 2% by mass of the edaphon (soil biomass). This corresponds to approximately 10 million per m 2 or 1 g per m 2 . − Growth and reproduction assessed after 3 days. − Abundant and readily retrieved from soil and cultured. − Sublethal bioassay (high survival is a pre-requisite for test validity). − Nematodes are the most abundant element of the mesofauna and account for 2% by mass of the edaphon (soil biomass). This corresponds to approximately 10 million per m2 or 1 g per m2 . APPENDIX V
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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Page 298 and 299: 290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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Page 308 and 309: APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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Page 328 and 329: APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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