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APPENDIX III Field studies In general field studies are difficult to interpret. Touart (1988) developed guidance criteria for aquatic mesocosm tests with pesticides. Emans et al. (1993) used a set of criteria to assess the quality of field studies. This set can serve as a tool for evaluation: 1. a distinct concentration-effect relationship should be obtained, 2. a reliable MS NOEC should be derived, 3. several taxonomic groups, in more or less natural ecosystems, should be exposed to one test concentration for a longer period, 4. in each experiment several concentrations should be tested, consisting of one control and at least two test concentrations, 5. each test concentration should have at least one replica, 6. the concentration of the test compound should be measured several times during the experiment, 7. physico-chemical parameters like pH, temperature and hardness should be measured, 8. apart from effect parameters like population density and biomass also effect parameters on higher integration levels such as species diversity and species richness should be measured. References Connell DW (1990). In: Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Systems - Contributions to the Assessment. Proceedings of an international Workshop, Berlin 1990, VCH Weinheim, 1991, 133-147. Hawker DW and Connell DW (1985). Relationships between partition coefficient, uptake rate constant, clearance rate constant and time, to equilibrium for bioaccumulation, Chemosphere 14(9), 1205-1219. Kristensen P and Tyle H (1990). In: Bioaccumulation in Aquatic Systems - Contributions to the Assessment. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Berlin 1990, VCH Weinheim, 1991, 205-217. OECD (1994a). Screening Information Data Set Manual of The OECD Programme on the Cooperative Investigation of High Production Volume Chemicals. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), SIDS Manual (draft), Paris. OECD (1994b). Bioaccumulation: Flow-through Fish Test. Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals, Draft Guideline 305 E, Paris. TemaNord (1994). 589: Environmental Hazard Classification - data collection and interpretation guide. 286
Appendix IV Assignment of organisms to trophic levels APPENDIX IV Primary producers Primary producers photo-/chemo-autotrophically synthesise organic compounds using inorganic precursors. They include: - chlorophyll-containing species of vascular plants - algae, (e.g. green algae: Selenastrum, Scenedesmus, Chlorella; blue-green algae: Microcystis) - purple sulphur bacteria, chlorobacteria - chemoautotrophic bacteria (nitrifying bacteria, sulphur bacteria). Primary consumers They live mainly on living or dead autotrophic organisms or on microorganisms. Representatives of this trophic level are especially plant-eating animals (i.e. species that are not carnivorous of the following taxonomic groups): - protozoa (e.g. Uronema, Entosiphon, Tetrahymena) - annelida (e.g. Tubifex, Enchytraeus) - crustacea (e.g. Artemia, Daphnia spec., Copepoda, Gammarus, Asellus) - molluscs (e.g. Dreissena, Mytilus, Ostrea; several gastropods: Patella, Viviparus) - insects (some insect larvae that are not carnivorous) - nematoda (those species which are living in water) Secondary consumers They live mainly on primary consumers. Among them are: - predatory insects and larvae of insects (e.g. Chaoborus) - carnivorous protozoa - rotatoria - coelenterata (e.g. Hydra) - predatory copepods - fish (Teleostei: e.g. Cyprinus carpio, Brachydanio rerio, Poecilia reticulata, Oryzias latipes, Pimephales promelas, Lepomis macrochirus, Oncorhynchus mykiss (previously: Salmo gairdneri, Leuciscus idus melanotus, Cyprinodon, Carassius) - amphibians (e.g. Rana, Xenopus) Decomposers Organisms of this trophic level break down dead organic material to inorganic constitu-ents. Standard organisms are underlined Organisms used in ecotoxicological tests can be assigned to different trophic levels, taxonomic groups, life forms (e.g. sessil, planktonic or swimming), and feeding strategies (e.g. autotrophic, carnivorous, herbivorous, detritivorous, scavengers, omnivorous, deposit or filter feeders.) These assignments are related to differences in morphology, behaviour, and physiology, including their ability to take up, metabolise and excrete chemicals. Furthermore, these assignments may also to some extent determine the likelihood, extent and way the organisms may be exposed. Taken 287
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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