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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Waste disposal (including waste treatment and recovery) At the end of the service life, the substance or a product containing the substance enters into the waste disposal stage with waste or wastewater (Figure 4). Waste treatment may include incineration or removal to landfill. At this stage recovery processes may be applied. These usually involve a homogenisation and/or separation step (e.g. mechanical treatment) followed by recovery of the target substance/material. The recovered substance or material may be: • reprocessed for the original type of product (recycling); • manufactured into a new type of product; • used as secondary fuel in heat production. In the first option the substance returns into life-cycle stages already assessed before. In the second and third option the substance may enter into processing and final products from which new types and amounts of releases could occur. Whether or not these releases could be relevant to consider a case-by-case assessment. Some general criteria are given in Section 2.3.7.2. In some cases, another substance or product may be recycled, and the substance assessed is present in this product. Releases in this situation may vary widely and information on them may not be readily available since the focus of attention is not on the substance assessed, but on the substance or product recovered. A substance present in a photographic bath for example, will be released at discharge after silver recovery, and a substance present in printing ink will be released with wastewater and de-inking sludge at paper recycling. Releases from prolonged use of a product or articles in new applications after first service life (e.g. tyres in agriculture) without a waste specific treatment step in between should be assessed as a separate use in the relevant life-cycle stages i.e. processing/service, as appropriate. In addition to being incinerated or being disposed of in landfill, waste may be released, either intentionally or unintentionally, to the environment. Articles may intentionally be left in the environment after their service life (e.g. cables buried in soil). Demolished building materials may be used as ballast at e.g. road constructions. Fragments of articles may also be lost during use (e.g. paint flakes, car undercoating). 28
Back to processing Product at end of service life Recycling Collected waste Mechanical treatment Co-incineration or other recovery Industrial product (e.g. cement) Figure 4 Schematic representation of the waste life stage of a substance 2.3.3.2 Types of emissions and sources Waste incineration ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Waste remaining in the environment Use of residues in products WASTE SCENARIOS Landfill Emission patterns vary widely from well-defined point sources (single or multiple) to diffuse releases from large numbers of small point sources (like households) or line sources (like a motorway with traffic emissions). Releases may also be continuous or intermittent. Continuous emissions are characterised by an almost constant emission rate flow over a prolonged period (e.g. the emission of a substance from a continuous production process such as an oil refinery). Intermittent emissions can be peak emissions or block emissions (see Section 2.3.3.4). Peak emissions are characterised by a relatively large amount discharged in a short time where the time intervals between peaks and the peak height can vary greatly (e.g. the discharge of spent liquid - reaction mixture - after isolation of the synthesised substance in a batch process). Block emissions are characterised by a flow rate which is reasonably constant over certain time periods with regular intervals with a low or even zero background emission (e.g. the emissions from traffic during the day; during rush hours emission are particularly high). The quantities released from a certain process may vary from 100%, as is the case for example with household products like detergents or volatile solvents in paints, to below 1% for substances like intermediates produced in closed systems. 29
Page 1: Institute for Health and Consumer P
Page 4 and 5: LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
Page 7: OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
Page 11 and 12: CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
Page 13 and 14: 4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
Page 15 and 16: 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
Page 17 and 18: GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
Page 19 and 20: GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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Page 25 and 26: 2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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Page 43 and 44: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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Page 61 and 62: constant of zero. However, if it ca
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Page 69 and 70: Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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