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REFERENCES 7 REFERENCES Ahlers J, Koch W, Lange A, Marschner A, Welter G (1992). Bewertung der Umweltgefährlichkeit von Alten Stoffen nach dem Chemikaliengesetz (ChemG). Chemikaliengesetz-Heft 10, Texte 19/92, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin. Aldenberg T and Slob W (1993). Confidence limits for hazardous concentrations based on logistically distributed NOEC toxicity data. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 25, 48-63. Aldenberg T and Jaworska JS (2000). Uncertainty of the hazardous concentration and fraction affected for normal species sensitivity distributions. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 46(1), 1-18. ASTM (1990a). Standard Guide for Conducting 10-Day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), ASTM Standard E 1367-90, Philadelphia, PA, 1-24. ASTM (1990b). Guide for Designing Biological Tests with Sediments. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Subcommittee Ballot, Draft #1 dated 10/19/90, Jim Dwyer, 314/875-5399, Philadelphia, PA. ASTM (1990c). Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Fish. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Concurrent Subcommittee and Main Committee Ballot, Draft #2 dated 04/17/90, Mike Mac, 314/994-3331, Philadelphia, PA. ASTM (1990d). Guide for Determination of the Bioaccumulation of Sediment-Associated Contaminants by Benthic Invertebrates. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Subcommittee Ballot, Draft #3 dated September 1990, Henry Lee, 503/867-4042, Philadelphia, PA. ASTM (1990e). Sediment Testing Methods. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Draft #1, dated 11/06/90, Philadelphia, PA. ASTM (1991). Standard Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Freshwater Invertebrates. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), ASTM Standard E 1383-90, Marcia Nelson, 314/875-5399, Philadelphia, PA, 1-20. ASTM (1993). Standard Guide for Conducting 10-Day Static Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Amphipods. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), Annual Book of Standard, Vol. 11(04), E1367-92. ASTM (1994). Standard Guide for Conducting Sediment Toxicity Tests with Marine and Estuarine Polychaetous Annelids. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), E1611-94. Austen MC and Somerfield PJ (1997). A community level sediment bioassay applied to an estuarine heavy metal gradient. Mar. Environ. Res. 43, 315-328. BBA (1986). Fate of Plant Protection Agents in Soil-Degradation, Conversion and Metabolism for Simulation of the Compartment Soil. Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA), Richtlinien für die Prüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Zulassungsverfahren, Test Guideline Part IV, 4-1, Saphir Verlag, Ribbesbüttel, Germany. BBA (1990a). Degradability and Fate of Plant Protection Agents in the Water/Sediment System for Simulation of Smaller Surface Waters. Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA), Richtlinien für die Prüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Zulassungsverfahren, Test Guideline Part IV, 5-1, Saphir Verlag, Ribbesbüttel, Germany. BBA (1990b). Auswirkungen auf die Aktivität der Bodenmikroflora. Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA), Richtlinien für die Prüfung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln in Zulassungsverfahren, Test Guideline Part VI, 1-1, Saphir Verlag, Ribbesbüttel, Germany. BBA (1990c). Bestimmung der Reproduktionsleistung von Folsomia candida (Willem) in künstlichem Boden (Draft). Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft (BBA), Berlin. Belfroid A, Seinen W, van Gestel K, Hermens J and van Leeuwen K (1995). Modelling the accumulation of hydrophobic organic chemicals in earthworms. Application of the equilibrium partitioning theory. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2, 5-15. Biddinger GR and Gloss SP (1984). The importance of trophic transfer in the bioaccumulation of chemical contaminants in aquatic ecosystems. Residue Review 91, 103-145. 194
REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollander H, van de Meent D (1996). SimpleBox 2.0: a Nested Multimedia Fate Model for Evaluating the Environmental Fate of Chemicals. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), RIVM Report 719101 029, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Bringmann G and Kühn R (1960). Vergleichende toxikologische Befunde an Wasser-Bakterien. Gesundheits- Ingenieur 11, 337-340. Bringmann G and Kühn R (1980). Comparison of the toxicity tresholds of water pollutants to bacteria, algae and protozoa in the cell multiplication inhibition test. Wat. Res. 14, 231-241. BUA (1992). OH Radicals in the Troposphere. GDCh-Advisory Committee on Existing Chemicals of Environmental Relevance, BUA Report 100, April 1992. Burton GA Jr (1991). Assessing the toxicity of fresh water sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10(2), 1585-1627. Burton GA Jr (1992). Biological Test Method: Acute Test for Sediment Toxicity using Marine or Estuarine Amphipods. Environment Canada, Report EPS 1/RM/26, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Campbell PJ, Arnold DJS, Brock TCM, Grandy NJ, Heger W, Heimbach F, Maund SJ and Streloke M (1999). Guidance Document on Higher-tier Aquatic Risk Assessment for Pesticides (HARAP). SETAC-Europe Publication, Brussels. CCME (1998). Protocol for the Derivation of Tissue Residue Guidelines for the Protection of Wildlife that Consume Aquatic Biota. Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME), Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. Ciareli S, van Straalen NM, Klap VA and van Wezel AP (1999). Effects of sediment bioturbation by the estuarine amphipod corophium volutator on fluoranthene resuspension and transfer into mussel (Mytilus edulis). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18, 318-328. Ciareli S, Kater BJ, van Straalen NM (2000). Influence of bioturbation by the amphipod corophium volutator on fluoranthene uptake in the marine polychaete nereis virens. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 1575-1581. Clark KE and Mackay D (1991). Dietary uptake and biomagnification of four chlorinated hydrocarbons by guppies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10, 1205-1217. Connell DW and Markwell RD (1990). Bioaccumulation in the soil to earthworm system. Chemosphere 20, 91-100. Dahllöff I, Blanck H and Hall P (1999). Short-term effects of tri-n-butyl-tin on marine sediment samples using nutrient fluxes as effect indicators. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18, 850-857. Danish EPA (2001). Waste Related Emission Scenarios for Risk Assessment of Chemicals. Baun A (ed). Danish EPA, Copenhagen, Denmark, (in prep.). De Greef J and de Nijs ACM (1990). Risk Assessment of New Chemical Substances. Dilution of effluents in the Netherlands. National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), RIVM Report 670208001, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. De Leeuw FAAM (1993). Assessment of the atmospheric hazards and risks of new chemicals: procedures to estimate “hazard potentials”. Chemosphere 27(8), 1313-1328. Di Toro DM, Zarba CS, Hansen DJ, Berry WJ, Schwarz RC, Cowan CE, Pavlou SP, Allen HE, Thomas NA, Paquin PR (1991). Technical basis of establishing sediment quality criteria for nonionic organic chemicals using equilibrium partitioning. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10, 1541-1583. EC (1996). Technical Guidance Document in support of the Commission Directive 93/67/EEC on Risk Assessment for New Notified Substances and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488/94 on Risk Assessment for Existing Substances. Parts 1-4. Office for Official Publications of the EC, Luxembourg. EC (1999). Study on the Prioritisation of Substances Dangerous to the Aquatic Environment: II Assessment of Options of the Statistical Treatment and Evaluation of Monitoring Data within the COMMPS Procedure. Office for Official Publications of the EC, Luxembourg. EC (2001). Expert Consultation Workshop on Statistical Extrapolation Techniques for Environmental Effects Assessments. Report of the London Workshop, 17-18 th January, 2001. European Commission, Joint Research Center, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, European Chemicals Bureau, Ispra (VA), Italy, 9 p. 195
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
Page 151 and 152: Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
Page 153 and 154: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
Page 159 and 160: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
Page 161 and 162: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 163 and 164: Table 27 Assessment factors for der
Page 165 and 166: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 167 and 168: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
Page 169 and 170: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
Page 171 and 172: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
Page 173 and 174: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
Page 175 and 176: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
Page 177 and 178: 4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
Page 179 and 180: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
Page 181 and 182: Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
Page 183 and 184: RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
Page 185 and 186: Classified dangerous to the Environ
Page 187 and 188: RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
Page 189 and 190: 6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 191 and 192: TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
Page 193 and 194: TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
Page 195 and 196: Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
Page 197 and 198: TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
Page 199 and 200: Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
Page 201: TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
Page 205 and 206: REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
Page 207 and 208: REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
Page 209 and 210: REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
Page 211: REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
Page 214 and 215: APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
Page 216 and 217: APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
Page 218 and 219: APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
Page 220 and 221: APPENDIX I the number of days over
Page 222 and 223: APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
Page 224 and 225: APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
Page 226 and 227: APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
Page 228 and 229: APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
Page 230 and 231: APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
Page 232 and 233: APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
Page 234 and 235: APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
Page 236 and 237: APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
Page 238 and 239: APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
Page 240 and 241: APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
Page 242 and 243: APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
Page 244 and 245: APPENDIX I For the emission factors
Page 246 and 247: APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
Page 248 and 249: APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
Page 250 and 251: APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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