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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT A suite of soil tests should therefore ideally be designed to obtain data relevant to: • primary producers (plants); • consumers (for example invertebrates that represent an important group in the soil compartment); • decomposers (comprising microorganisms that play an important role in foodwebs and nutrients cycling). Natural soils used in ecotoxicological tests differ in characteristics such as organic matter and clay content, soil pH and soil moisture content. The bioavailability of the test compound, and therefore the toxicity observed, is influenced by these soil properties. This means that results from different test soils cannot be compared directly. As far as possible, toxicity tests should be conducted in conditions (as regards the nature of the soil, its organic content and any other parameter that could influence the bioavailability of the substance) where the test substance is bioavailable to the tests organism(s). However, if possible data should be normalized using relationships that describe the bioavailability of chemicals in soils. Results are converted to a standard soil, which is defined as a soil with an organic matter content of 3.4% (see Section 2.3.4). For non-ionic organic compounds it is assumed that bioavailability is determined by the organic matter content only. NOECs and L(E)C50s are corrected according to the formula : Explanation of symbols 116 NOEC or L(E)C = NOEC or L(E)C Fom 50(standard) 50(exp) • Fom NOEC or NOEC or L(E)C50 in experiment [mg . kg -1 ] L(E)C50exp soil(standard) soil( exp) Fomsoil(standard) fraction organic matter in standard soil [kg . kg-1 ] Table 5 Fomsoil(exp) fraction organic matter in experimental soil [kg . kg-1 ] NOEC or NOEC or L(E)C50 in standard soil [mg . kg-1 L(E)C50standard ] It should be noted that this recommended normalisation is only appropriate when it can be assumed that the binding behaviour of a non-ionic organic substance in question is predominantly driven by its logKow, and that organisms are exposed predominantly via pore water. Three situations can be distinguished for deriving a PNECsoil: • when no toxicity data are available for soil organisms, the equilibrium partitioning method is applied to identify a potential risk to soil organisms. This method is regarded as a “screening approach” and is explained in Section 3.6.2.1 (see also Section 3.5.2 sediment); • when toxicity data are available for a producer, a consumer and/or a decomposer the PNECsoil is calculated using assessment factors as presented in Section 3.6.2.2; • when only one test result with soil dwelling organisms is available the risk assessment is performed both on the basis of this result using assessment factors and on the basis of the equilibrium partition method. From both PECsoil/PNECsoil ratios the highest one is chosen for the risk characterisation. (71)
3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using the equilibrium partitioning method EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The equilibrium partitioning method may not be suitable for lipophilic compounds or substances with a specific mode of action nor for species that are exposed primarily through food (Van Gestel, 1992). Furthermore, this approach does not consider the effects on soil organisms of chemicals that are adsorbed to soil particles and taken up by ingestion. The PNECsoil is calculated as follows: Explanation of symbols K − = RHO PNEC soil soil water soil • PNEC water • 1000 PNECwater Predicted No Effect Concentration in water [mg . l -1 ] RHOsoil bulk density of wet soil [kg . m -3 ] eq. (18) Ksoil-water partition coefficient soil water [m 3. m -3 ] eq. (24) PNECsoil Predicted No Effect Concentration in soil [mg . kg -1 ] The applicability of the equilibrium partitioning method has been evaluated less for soil than for sediment-dwelling organisms. Van Gestel and Ma (1993) have shown the model to be valid for short-term toxicity of several chlorophenols, chlorobenzenes and chloroanilines to earthworms. In order to take uptake by soil ingestion into account the same approach is used as for the derivation of the PNECsediment. Thus, the PECsoil/PNECsoil ratio is increased by a factor of 10 for compounds with a log Kow > 5 (or for compounds with a corresponding adsorption or binding behaviour, e.g. ionisable substances). In principle, toxicity data for aquatic organisms cannot replace data for soil dwelling organisms. This is because the effects on aquatic species can only be considered as effects on soil organisms that are exposed exclusively to the soil pore water of the soil (Samsøe-Petersen and Pedersen, 1994). Therefore, if the PECsoil/PNECsoil ratio that is calculated using the equilibrium partitioning method is greater than 1, tests with soil organisms should be considered as an essential requirement for a refined effects assessment. 3.6.2.2 Calculation of PNEC using assessment factors The same assessment factors used for the aquatic compartment (see Table 16) are applied to the terrestrial compartment (see Table 20). The size of the assessment factor therefore again depends on the type of data that are available i.e. short-term or long-term toxicity test, the number of trophic levels tested and the general uncertainties in predicting ecosystem effects from laboratory data. The assessment factors suggested for the soil compartment are not based on comprehensive experience. As already stated information from tests with soil organisms will only be available for some compounds. Furthermore, in most cases this information will be from short-term tests with earthworms. This means that a deeper understanding of the difference between short- and long-term toxicity for several taxonomic groups and the difference between laboratory and field tests is needed. The choice of taxonomic groups for which toxicity data are necessary (conform the base-set of algae, Daphnia and fish for the aquatic environment), is also a point of discussion. A dataset comprising of toxicity data for primary producers, consumers and decomposers is preferred. However, an internationally accepted set of standardised (72) 117
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 73 and 74: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
Page 75 and 76: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
Page 81 and 82: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
Page 83 and 84: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
Page 85 and 86: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
Page 87 and 88: Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
Page 89 and 90: Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
Page 91 and 92: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
Page 93 and 94: Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
Page 95 and 96: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Page 97 and 98: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
Page 119 and 120: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
Page 121 and 122: In the partitioning method, it is a
Page 123: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
Page 141 and 142: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
Page 143 and 144: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
Page 145 and 146: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
Page 147 and 148: 4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
Page 149 and 150: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
Page 151 and 152: Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
Page 153 and 154: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
Page 155 and 156: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
Page 157 and 158: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
Page 159 and 160: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
Page 161 and 162: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
Page 163 and 164: Table 27 Assessment factors for der
Page 165 and 166: Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
Page 167 and 168: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
Page 169 and 170: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
Page 171 and 172: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
Page 173 and 174: MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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