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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned differences may explain the observed variability among organisms regarding their sensitivity to the toxicity of chemicals, even though it may be difficult or impossible to attribute which differences between two organisms are the actual reason for their sensitivity to a certain toxic chemical. The standard organisms which are usually used in standard tests (plankton micro-algae, Daphnia and fish) represent three trophic levels (primary producers, primary consumers and secondary consumers), three taxonomic groups (green algae, crustaceans and bone fish), two life forms (plankton or nekton) and three feeding strategies (photosynthetic, herbivorous filter feeder and carnivorous). Accordingly, non-standard organisms can be assigned to equivalent trophic levels, taxonomic groups etc. The assignment of an organism to a trophic level is based on the energy balance of the ecosystem concerned and is not primarily dependent on the species. Therefore, a given population may represent more than one trophic level depending on the spectrum and amount of nutrition for the species. In addition, earlier life stages may live on completely different nutrition compared to adults of the same species. 288
APPENDIX V Appendix V Examples of assays suitable for further testing for soil organisms Soil organisms A few suitable test species belonging to additional taxonomic groups were identified in the SERAS-Workshop in 1992 (Soil Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment System). Van Straalen and Van Gestel (1992), Stavola (1990) and Samsøe-Petersen and Pedersen (1994) discuss a number of terrestrial species and test methods with various degrees of standardisation. Léon and Van Gestel (1994) give possible criteria for the evaluation of individual tests and for the selection of standardised laboratory toxicity tests with terrestrial organisms. Results obtained in tests carried out in accordance with guidelines for pesticides may pose a problem. Only tests where the test substance is applied to the soil in a comparable way to the exposure of existing chemicals can be used for the concentration-effect assessment. Following recognition of the lack of standardised soil tests, research programmes have been initiated in Sweden (MATS = MArk Test System), in the Netherlands (NISRP = Netherlands Integrated Soil Research Programme) and in Denmark. A co-ordinated programme for the development and standardisation of a number of soil test species and test systems has also been initiated. This project SECOFASE (Sub-lethal Effects of Chemicals On FAuna Soil Ecosystem) is described by Løkke and Van Gestel (1993, cited in Samsøe-Petersen and Pedersen (1994)). It should be noted that the guideline for a long-term test with vascular plants has still to be finalised (e.g. with Arabidopsis thaliana or Brassica rapa, Stavola (1990)). Long-term tests for the earth- and compost worms (ISO draft, 1993; Dutch Draft Guideline; German Draft Guideline), and the test on Enchytraeids, OECD new guideline 220, draft March 2000), and the spring-tail (Dutch Draft Guideline; German Draft; BBA 1990b) are available. These tests analyse effects on reproduction. In addition, the standardisation of the long-term test on Staphylinids (Coleoptera), where degree of parasitism, hatching rate and reproduction are assessed, is close to completion (Samsøe-Petersen, 1987; Naton, 1989; SETAC, 1995). For biocidal active substances, the Technical Notes for Guidance on data requirements in support to Directive 98/8/EC proposes guidance to the additional data requirements in case further testing are necessary after the results of the ecotoxicological studies submitted in the common core data set and the intended use(s) of the active substance, as well as further testing strategies for evaluating the fate and behaviour in the environment of the active substance together with its transformation products and their ecotoxicological effects (TNsG on Data Requirements, 2000). 289
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT U
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT F
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2.3.5.1 Adsorption to aerosol parti
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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2.3.6.1 Hydrolysis ENVIRONMENTAL EX
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2.3.6.3 Photochemical reactions in
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constant of zero. However, if it ca
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT A
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT a
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Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT I
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT d
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT e
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Table 10 Overview of different expo
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -
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2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT W
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Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
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Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
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3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
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3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
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Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
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Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
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Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
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Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT representative o
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In the partitioning method, it is a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
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3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
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3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
Page 246 and 247: APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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Page 308 and 309: APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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Page 314 and 315: APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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