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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Derivation of the removal rate constants The total rate constant for removal is made up of several parts: • biodegradation rate constant; • volatilisation of substance from soil; • leaching to deeper soil layers. Other removal processes may be important in some cases (e.g. uptake by plants). If rate constants are known for these processes, they may be added to the total removal. The overall removal rate constant is given by: Explanation of symbols 82 k = kvolat + kleach + kbiosoil kvolat pseudo-first order rate constant for volatilisation from soil [d -1 ] eq. (57) kleach pseudo-first order rate constant for leaching from top soil [d -1 ] eq. (58) kbiosoil pseudo-first order rate constant for biodegradation in soil [d -1 ] Table 8 k first order rate constant for removal from top soil [d -1 ] The diffusive transfer from soil to air is estimated using the classical two-film resistance model. The soil-side of the interface is treated as a pair of parallel resistances (air phase and water phase of soil) (Mackay et al., 1992). The rate constant for volatilisation from soil is given by: 1 ⎛ 1 1 = ⎜ + k ⎝ kasl • K kasl • K + kasl volat air air-water soilair air-water soilwater Explanation of symbols ⎞ ⎟ ⎠ K DEPTH • soil-water • soil kaslair partial mass transfer coeff. at air-side of the air-soil interface [m . d -1 ] 120 kaslsoilair partial mass transfer coeff. at soilair-side of the air-soil int. [m . d -1 ] 0.48 kaslsoilwater partial mass transfer coeff. at soilwater-side of the air-soil int. [m . d -1 ] 4.8⋅10 -5 Kair-water air-water equilibrium distribution constant [m 3. m -3 ] eq. (22) Ksoil-water soil-water partitioning coefficient [m 3. m -3 ] eq. (24) DEPTHsoil mixing depth of soil [m] Table 11 kvolat pseudo first-order rate constant for volatilisation from soil [d -1 ] A pseudo first-order rate constant for leaching can be calculated from the amount of rain flushing the liquid-phase of the soil compartment: k leach = Finf soil • RAINrate K DEPTH soil-water • soil (56) (57) (58)
Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Finfsoil fraction of rain water that infiltrates into soil [-] 0.25 RAINrate rate of wet precipitation (700 mm/year) [m.d -1 ] 1.92⋅10 -3 Ksoil-water soil-water partitioning coefficient [m 3. m -3 ] eq. (24) DEPTHsoil mixing depth of soil [m] Table 11 kleach pseudo first-order rate constant for leaching from soil layer [d -1 ] Derivation of the initial concentration after 10 years of sludge application As a realistic worst-case assumption for exposure, it is assumed that sludge application takes place for 10 consecutive years. To be able to calculate the concentration in this year averaged over the time period T (equation (55)), an initial concentration in this year needs to be derived. For this purpose, the contributions of deposition and sludge applications are considered separately. The concentration due to 10 years of continuous deposition only, is given by applying equation (53) with an initial concentration of zero and 10 years of input: Cdep soil 10 Dair - Dair - 365 •10 • k (0) = • e (59) k k For sludge application, the situation is more complicated as this is not a continuous process. The concentration just after the first year of sludge application is given by: Explanation of symbols Csludge = soil 1 (0) C APPL DEPTH RHO sludge • sludge soil • soil Csludge concentration in dry sewage sludge [mg . kg -1 ] eq. (36) APPLsludge dry sludge application rate [kg . m -2. yr -1 ] Table 11 DEPTHsoil mixing depth of soil [m] Table 11 RHOsoil bulk density of soil [kg . m -3 ] eq. (18) Csludgesoil 1 (0) concentration in soil due to sludge in first year at t=0 [mg . kg -1 ] The fraction of the substance that remains in the top soil layer at the end of a year is given by: Explanation of symbols (60) - k Facc = e 365 (61) k first order rate constant for removal from top soil [d -1 ] eq. (56) Facc fraction accumulation in one year [-] 83
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
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Back to processing Product at end o
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Page 43 and 44: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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Page 61 and 62: constant of zero. However, if it ca
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Page 69 and 70: Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
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Page 83 and 84: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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Page 87 and 88: Guidance for calculating PEClocal i
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Page 93 and 94: Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
Page 95 and 96: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
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Page 137 and 138: Conversion factors for laboratory a
Page 139 and 140: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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