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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 2.3.8.4 Calculation of PEClocal for sediment In this section, the following parameter is derived: • local concentration in sediment during the emission episode. PEClocal for sediment can be compared to the PNEC for sediment dwelling organisms. The concentration in freshly deposited sediment is taken as the PEC for sediment, therefore, the properties of suspended matter are used. The concentration in bulk sediment can be derived from the corresponding water body concentration, assuming a thermodynamic partitioning equilibrium (see also Di Toro et al., 1991): Explanation of symbols 78 susp-water PEClocal sed = susp K RHO PEClocal • water • 1000 (50) PEClocalwater concentration in surface water during emission episode [mg.l -1 ] eq. (48) Ksusp-water suspended matter-water partitioning coefficient [m 3 .m -3 ] eq. (24) RHOsusp bulk density of suspended matter [kg.m -3 ] eq. (18) PEClocalsed predicted environmental concentration in sediment [mg.kg -1 ] Highly adsorptive substances may not be considered adequately with the approach described above, as they are often not in equilibrium distribution between water and suspended matter because of their cohesion to the suspended matter; however they may be desorbed after ingestion by benthic or soil organisms. In the case when release to the surface water predominately occurs as particles (see Section 2.3.8.3) this calculation may underestimate the sediment concentration. If this is expected to occur it should be considered in the further evaluation (e.g. when comparing PEC with monitoring data and in the risk characterisation). 2.3.8.5 Calculation of PEClocal for the soil compartment In this section, the following parameters are derived: • local concentration in agricultural soil (averaged over a certain time period); • local concentration in grassland (averaged over a certain time period); • percentage of steady-state situation (to indicate persistency). Exposure assessment for the soil compartment is important with respect to exposure of terrestrial organisms. Furthermore, crops are grown on agricultural soils for human consumption, and cattle, producing meat and milk, are grazing on grasslands. Figure 10 shows the most important fate processes in the soil compartment.
Guidance for calculating PEClocal in soil is given for the following exposure routes: • application of sewage sludge in agriculture; • dry and wet deposition from the atmosphere. Direct application of substances (on the basis of the maximum recommended application rate; e.g. pesticide adjuvants or fertilisers) is not taken into account. Guidance may need to be developed in the future. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT For sludge application to agricultural soil an application rate of 5,000 kg/ha dry weight per year is assumed while for grassland a rate of 1000 kg/ha/yr should be used. Sludge application is treated as a single event once a year. The contribution to the overall impact from wet and dry deposition is based on the emission calculation of a point source (Section 2.3.8.2) and is related to a surrounding area within 1000 m from that source. The deposition is averaged over the whole area. Atmospheric deposition is assumed to be a continuous flux throughout the year. It should be noted that the deposition flux is averaged over a year. This is obviously not fully realistic, since the deposition flux is linked to the emission episode. Averaging is done to facilitate calculation of a steady-state level. Furthermore, it is impossible to indicate when the emission episode takes place within a year: in the beginning of the growing season, any impact on exposure levels will be large, after the growing season, the impact may well be insignificant. Therefore, averaging represents an appropriate scenario choice. The PEC in agricultural soil is used for two purposes: • for risk characterisation of terrestrial ecosystems (Section 4); • as a starting point for the calculation of indirect human exposure via crops and cattle products (see Chapter 2: Risk Assessment for Human Health). There are several extensive numerical soil and groundwater models available (mainly for pesticides). These models, however, require a detailed definition of soil and environmental characteristics. This makes this type of models less appropriate for a generic risk assessment at EU-level. For the initial assessment, a simplified model is used. The top layer of the soil compartment is described as one compartment, with an average influx through aerial deposition and sludge application, and a removal from the box by degradation, volatilisation, leaching, and other processes if relevant. The concentration in this soil box can now be described with a simple differential equation. The initial concentration, Csoil(0), is governed by the input of the substance through sludge application. dC dt soil volatilization degradation = - k • C soil + Dair (51) air soil water leaching solids Figure 10 Fate processes in the soil compartment. partitioning 79
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Institute for Health and Consumer P
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LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European C
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OVERVIEW This Technical Guidance Do
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CONTENTS 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...
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4.2.3.4 Use of biodegradation scree
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1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 BACKGROU
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION countries in t
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GENERAL INTRODUCTION PNEC is regard
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2 ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
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2.2 MEASURED DATA ENVIRONMENTAL EXP
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT w
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT o
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT T
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ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT r
Page 35 and 36: Production ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE A
Page 37 and 38: Back to processing Product at end o
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Page 41 and 42: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT s
Page 43 and 44: Explanation of symbols ENVIRONMENTA
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Page 61 and 62: constant of zero. However, if it ca
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Page 69 and 70: Primary Settler Aeration Tank 2 5 3
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Page 79 and 80: Table 10 Overview of different expo
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Page 83 and 84: 2.3.8.3 Calculation of PEClocal for
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Page 89 and 90: Concentration (% of initial) 160 14
Page 93 and 94: Calculation of PEClocalsoil For soi
Page 95 and 96: ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Page 99 and 100: Output ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE ASSES
Page 101 and 102: 3 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 103 and 104: 3.2.1.1 Completeness of data New su
Page 105 and 106: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • it is clearl
Page 107 and 108: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT 3.3 EFFECTS ASSE
Page 109 and 110: Table 16 Assessment factors to deri
Page 111 and 112: Input data EFFECTS ASSESSMENT The m
Page 113 and 114: Estimation of the PNEC The PNEC is
Page 115 and 116: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT biodegradability
Page 117 and 118: Table 17 Test systems for derivatio
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Page 123 and 124: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT As mentioned in
Page 125 and 126: 3.6.2.1 Calculation of PNEC using t
Page 127 and 128: 3.7 EFFECTS ASSESSMENT FOR THE AIR
Page 129 and 130: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT procedure availa
Page 131 and 132: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT bioaccumulation
Page 133 and 134: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT For some chemica
Page 135 and 136: EFFECTS ASSESSMENT i.e. without enh
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Conversion factors for laboratory a
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT • relative sen
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EFFECTS ASSESSMENT Earthworms are a
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT environment
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of equal rel
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4.2.3.3 Marine biodegradation simul
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT In addition
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Explanation of symbols MARINE RISK
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT evaluate the
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT marine water
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The addition
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Statistical
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT sediment, fo
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Table 27 Assessment factors for der
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Table 28 continued Acute and chroni
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT of different
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT • a measur
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT b. the conce
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT mechanisms s
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT The use of t
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4.4.4.2 Assessment of measured BCF
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MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT required to
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Table 33 Overview of PEC/PNEC ratio
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RISK CHARACTERISATION If a refineme
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Classified dangerous to the Environ
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RISK CHARACTERISATION eaters. This
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6 TESTING STRATEGIES 6.1 INTRODUCTI
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TESTING STRATEGIES Performance of a
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TESTING STRATEGIES Care must be tak
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Algal testing Algae toxicity test (
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TESTING STRATEGIES • long-term te
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Microbial assays TESTING STRATEGIES
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TESTING STRATEGIES A soil bioassay
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REFERENCES Brandes LJ, den Hollande
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REFERENCES IPCS (2000). Framework f
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REFERENCES OECD (1984f). Activated
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REFERENCES Pack S. (1993). A review
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REFERENCES US EPA (1996). Whole Sed
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APPENDIX I volume imported in the E
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APPENDIX I MC IV “Wide dispersive
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APPENDIX I 210 Stage Main category
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APPENDIX I the number of days over
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APPENDIX I Stage Main category Ia I
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APPENDIX I manufacturing of motor c
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APPENDIX I 1. extension of the tabl
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APPENDIX I 220 A-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Not applicab
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL /DOMEST
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APPENDIX I Table A4.1 continued Com
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I WASTE TREATMENT Table A5
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APPENDIX I For the emission factors
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I INDUSTRIAL USE Table A3.
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A4.5 C
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APPENDIX I PRIVATE USE Table A3.16
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APPENDIX I 246 B-tables Estimates f
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APPENDIX I FORMULATION Table B2.2 f
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APPENDIX I IC = 3: CHEMICAL INDUSTR
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APPENDIX I IC = 5: PERSONAL/DOMESTI
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APPENDIX I IC = 7: LEATHER PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 9: MINERAL OIL AND
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APPENDIX I IC = 11: POLYMERS INDUST
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APPENDIX I IC =13: TEXTILE PROCESSI
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APPENDIX I IC = 16: ENGINEERING IND
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-a: List of sy
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APPENDIX I No. Use Category No. Fun
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APPENDIX I Appendix I-b: List of sy
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APPENDIX I 290 Organic intermediate
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APPENDIX I Other IC/UC combinations
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APPENDIX II Appendix II Fate of che
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APPENDIX II b) Inherent biodegradab
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APPENDIX II log H % removal -4 -3 -
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APPENDIX III Appendix III Evaluatio
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APPENDIX III Field studies In gener
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APPENDIX IV together the mentioned
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290 Table 1 Selected soil test meth
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292 Table 1 continued Selected soil
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298 Table 1 Selected freshwater sed
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APPENDIX VII Appendix VII Toxicity
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APPENDIX VIII collection), and that
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APPENDIX VIII chemicals (see Sectio
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APPENDIX VIII Multimedia fate model
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APPENDIX VIII Monitoring data Metal
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APPENDIX VIII homeostatic regulatio
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APPENDIX IX based on the proportion
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APPENDIX IX Definition of “blocks
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APPENDIX IX these “blocks” will
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APPENDIX IX and PNECs for the “bl
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APPENDIX XI Appendix XI Environment
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APPENDIX XII Appendix XII Connectio
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APPENDIX XII +40% compared to 1992.
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APPENDIX XIII other substance is be
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APPENDIX XIV Taxonomic group No. of
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