Developments in Ceramic Materials Research

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8 Leslie G. Cecil can study “the clay itself, natural inclusions in the clay, purposefully added inclusions, and glazes or slips on the clay surface” (Childs 1989:24). Petrographic analysis has been adapted from geological techniques of analysis for the study of soils and rocks and is useful for archaeological ceramics because, to a large extent, geological sources differ enough across regions to allow for comparison of different clays (Blatt 1992). These methods are applicable to pottery analysis because pottery can be regarded as a metamorphosed sedimentary rock due to the composition of a sherd consisting of clastic grains imbedded in a clay matrix which has been transformed to “rock” through the process of firing (Bishop et al. 1982; Rice 1987b:376). Understanding these basic principles of geology, plus other principles of optical mineralogy, allow the description of pottery pastes and clays. Additionally, petrographic analysis can be used to establish technological characteristics within the Postclassic ceramic complex because petrographic analysis aids in the classification of sherds into specific groups (Childs 1989:24). This aspect of petrography is most helpful when a sherd or vessel cannot be assigned to a typology based on surface decoration, vessel form, or rim diagnostics (Shepard 1956:165). I anticipated that the above situation would arise because many of the sherds are highly eroded and because the variability within pastes may be great enough that I could not easily identify the ceramic group. As a result, paste characteristics (clay matrix and inclusions) were examined to establish possible differences between types. Once a sherd or vessel was assigned to a ceramic group, I could develop additional behavioral information from a classification based on petrography because petrography can answer process-oriented questions from a diachronic or synchronic perspective (Carr 1990; Childs 1989). It is possible to create a time series that models shifts in technological characteristics such as paste and temper characteristics (Braun 1982, 1985; Carr 1990). All of the samples (described above) were cut with a wet saw for the preparation of thin section slides. The cut sherds were sent to Spectrum Petrographics where they were embedded in an epoxy block. The most fragile sherds were vacuum impregnated and then embedded in an epoxy block. The block was cut in such a manner that a thin section measuring .03 mm thick resulted. The resulting thin section allowed me to identify minerals in the clay paste with the use of a polarizing microscope. Mineral size, shape, roundness, and frequency provide qualitative and quantitative data by which to infer manufacturing recipes. Mineral size, shape, and roundness (qualitative data) are established through a comparison of various graphs and tables (Shackley 1975:44-51). The most common geological method of determining the quantity of minerals in a thin section (quantitative data) is point counting. Point counting determines the number of different minerals along a predetermined area (for example, 10 mm) of the length and width of the section (Chayes 1956). Various studies have employed different methods for counting the frequency of inclusions (e.g., Middleton et al. 1985; Peacock 1973). However, because I was not interested in the absolute number of minerals in the thin section, but rather in what minerals exist and their relative frequency, I used a non-volumetric area frequency counting method (Cecil 2001; Dickenson and Shutler 1979). Area counting pertains to counting all of the minerals in the standard image.
Table 1. Postclassic Slipped Pottery, Ware, Groups, and Types Ware Ceramic Groups Ware Description Clemencia Topoxté Clemencia Cream Paste ware ceramics are characterized by a white to cream-colored marly paste with a red slip. Vessel forms Cream Paste include dishes, bowls, and jars (Bullard 1970; Rice 1979:15-21). Pastel Polychrome has a cream-colored marly paste with black painted decoration on unslipped areas of red-slipped Topoxté group vessels (Rice 1979:21-28). Canté Polychrome has red-and-black painted decoration on unslipped areas of red-slipped vessels. Chompoxté Red-on-cream vessels have red painted decorations on unslipped interiors of red slipped vessels (Rice 1979:28-42). Snail- Paxcamán Paxcamán ceramics are characterized by red to red-orange slips with a brown to gray snail-inclusion paste (Adams and Trik Inclusion 1961:125-137). Ceramic forms include simple hemispherical bowls, collared bowls, narrow neck jars, and neckless jars (tecomates). Paste Ixpop Polychrome has a band of decoration of black lines on the usually unslipped background paste color of the vessel (Adams and Trik 1961:125-127). Sacá Polychrome is another Paxcamán type that is distinguished by red-and-black-on-cream decoration with red slipping on undecorated portions of the vessel (Cowgill 1963:237-243). Macanché Red-on-paste is characterized by red painted decoration on paste and undecorated areas are slipped red. Paxcamán ceramics can also be incised and are classified as Picú Incised: Picú Variety (pre-fire incising) and Picú Incised: Thub Variety (post-fire incising) (Chase 1983). Snail- Fulano Fulano ceramics are similar to Paxcamán and Trapeche ceramics, but the slip is black with a low luster (Cecil 2001: 169-180). This Inclusion ceramic group includes tripod dishes, narrow neck jars, and collared bowls. Some vessels are slipped black with red-on-paste Paste decoration on the unslipped portions of tripod dishes (Sotano Red-on-paste) (Cecil 2001:173-177). Fulano ceramics can also be incised (Mengano Incised) with pre-fire (Bobo Variety) or post-fire (Mengano) varieties (Cecil 2001:177-180). Snail- Trapeche Trapeche ceramics have a paste similar to Paxcamán ceramics, but the slip varies from pink to tan-orange. Forms in the Trapeche Inclusion ceramic group include hemispherical bowls, collard bowls, narrow-neck jars, and ncekless jars (Chase 1979:104-105, 110-112). Paste Within the Trapeche ceramic group, the Mul Polychrome type is decorated with a design band of reddish-brown to black paint on an unslipped or cream-slipped surface (Chase 1979:110-112). Picté Red-on-paste types are characterized by a band of red painted decoration on pink to tan-orange slipped vessels (Rice 1987a:149). The incised variety of the Trapeche ceramic group is Xuluc Incised and has two varieties: Tzalam Variety (pre-fire incised) and Ain Variety (post-fire incised) (Chase 1979:106-110). Vitzil Augustine The Augustine ceramic group is characterized by reddish-brown to orange coarse paste with a glossy orange-red slip (Sharer and Orange-Red Chase 1976). The most common forms are jars and tripod dishes with effigy feet. Zaczuuz Tan vessels have characteristic tan areas on the exterior of the vessels that are slipped orange. Pek Polychrome is characterized by black decoration on unslipped portions of jars and dishes. Graciela Polychrome occurs on tripod dishes and is characterized by red-and-black painted decoration (Cecil 2001:209-211). This ware also has an incised type (Hobonmo Incised) with two varieties: Hobonmo (pre-fire) and Ramsey (postfire).
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Page 9 and 10: PREFACE Ceramics are refractory, in
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88 Fluorescence, a.u. I transfer ,
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IACC ( τ ) = t2 ∫ The Use of Cer
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D50 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 The Use
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242 Development of Display Technolo
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244 Li Chen technology moved to the
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246 Li Chen The continuing evolutio
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248 Li Chen the back contact cathod
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250 Li Chen Figure 3. Vertical side
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252 Li Chen Figure 6. Molybdenum mi
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254 Li Chen Figure 8(a). I-V curve
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256 Li Chen Figure 9. Life time tes
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258 Figure 11(a). Plasma generated
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260 Li Chen [13] C.A. Spindt, K.R.
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262 S. Ardizzone, C. L. Bianchi, G.
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A absorption spectra, 66, 67, 77, 7
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correlation function, 156 corrosion
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group membership, 13, 20, 21, 22, 2
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