Developments in Ceramic Materials Research

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238 R. Ramesh, H. Kara, Ron Stevens and C. R. Bowen Figure 20. Measured directivity patterns of piezocomposite hydrophones at (a) 50 kHz, (b) 75 kHz and (c) 100 kHz. 6. CONCLUSIONS Porous piezoceramics samples with ceramic volume fraction ranging from 10% to 100% are synthesised by BURPS and foam-reticulation methods and are characterized in terms of their microstructure, piezoelectric charge (d33, d31) and voltage (g33,g31) coefficients, the hydrostatic coefficients (dH and gH) and hydrostatic Figure-of-Merit. The composites with PZT volume content >60% show the presence of 3-0 connectivity while composites with ceramic volume content
Progress in Porous Piezoceramics 239 strongly on ceramic volume fraction/ porosity. Hydrostatic figure of merit is found to be maximum for about 20% piezoceramic volume fraction. Although both PZT-air and PZTpolymer composites follow a similar trend, the PZT-Polymer composites have smaller values of hydrostatic coefficients than that of PZT-Air composites. The transducer characteristics of dense and porous piezoceramics are estimated using 2D and 3D Finite Element Modelling (FEM), respectively and the results are validated by experiments. Hydrophones are fabricated with PZT-air and PZT-polymer composites and their acoustic performance is evaluated underwater. The receiving sensitivity, the electrical impedance spectra and the directional response of the hydrophones are measured in the frequency range (10-100) kHz. The 3-3 piezocomposite transducers have higher receiving sensitivity and broader frequency response than the transducers made out of dense PZT. This suggests that the 3-3 piezocomposites made up of porous piezoceramics are very useful for wide-band hydrophone applications. REFERENCES [1] Wilson, A.B, Introduction to the theory and design of sonar transducers, Peninsula Publishing: CA, 1988. [2] Bowen, L.F, Proc. Ultrason. Symp. 1992, 539-547. [3] Skinner, D.P, Newnham, R.E, and Cross, L.E, Mater. Res. Bull. 1978, 13, 599-607. [4] Smith, W.A, Ferroelectrics 1989, 91, 155-162. [5] Sigmund, O and Torquato, S, Smart Mater. Struct. 1999,8, 365-379. [6] Smith, W.A, Proc. IEEE Ultrason. Symp. 1985, 642-647. [7] Newnham, R.E, Skinner, D.P and Cross, L.E, 1978,13, 525-536. [8] Bowen, L, Gentilman, R, Fiore:D, Pham, H, Serwatka, W, Near, C and Pazol, B, Ferroelectrics 1996, 187, 109-120. [9] Zhang, Q.M, Chen, J, Wang, H, Zhao, J, Cross, L.E and Trottier, M.C, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. Freq. Control. 1995, 42, 774-781. [10] Marselli, S, Pavia, V, Galassi, C, Roncari, E, Cracium, F and Guidarelli, G, J. Acous. Soc. Am. 1999, 106, 733-738. [11] Smith, W.A and Auld, B.A, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelec. Freq. Control. 1991, 38, 40-47. [12] Ramesh, R and Vishnubhatla, R.M.R, J. Sound. Vib. 1999, 226, 573-584. [13] Kara, H, Ramesh, R, Stevens, R and Bowen, C.R, IEEE Trans on Ultrason. Ferroelec. Freq. Control, 2003, 50, 289. [14] Arai, T, Ayusawa, K, Sato, H, Miyata, T, Kawamura, K and Kobayashi, K, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 1991, 30, 2253-2255. [15] Ina, K, Mano, T. Imura, S and Nagata, K, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part I, 1994, 33, 5381- 5384. [16] Gomez’T.E, Montero de Espinosa, F, Levassort, F, Lethiecq’M, James, A, Ringgard’E, Millar, C.E and Hawkins, P, Ultrasonics 1998, 38, 907-923. [17] Levassort, F, Lethiecq, M, Sesmare, R and Tran_huu_Hue, L.P, IEEE Trans. Ultason. Ferroelec. Freq. Control, 1999, 46, 1028-1033. [18] Banno, H, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Part I, 1993, 32, 4214-4217. [19] Dunn, M.L and Taya, M, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1993, 76, 1697-1706.
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Copyright © 2007 by Nova Science P
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PREFACE Ceramics are refractory, in
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Preface ix crystals is discussed. A
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Preface xi spectra and the directio
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2 Leslie G. Cecil comprehensive dat
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4 Leslie G. Cecil Ringle et al. (19
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6 Leslie G. Cecil The main architec
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8 Leslie G. Cecil can study “the
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10 Leslie G. Cecil Middleton et al.
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12 Leslie G. Cecil The laser ablate
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14 Leslie G. Cecil There are two ge
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16 Leslie G. Cecil distinct recipes
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18 Leslie G. Cecil second group (Fi
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20 Leslie G. Cecil The Vitzil-Orang
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22 Leslie G. Cecil Table 3. Mahalan
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24 Leslie G. Cecil Ixlú and Ch’i
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26 Leslie G. Cecil structures (D. R
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28 Leslie G. Cecil paste and Macanc
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32 Leslie G. Cecil Kepecs, S. M., a
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34 Leslie G. Cecil Schele, L., Grub
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62 I, % 100 80 60 40 20 0 T. T. Bas
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88 Fluorescence, a.u. I transfer ,
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In: Developments in Ceramic Materia
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Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Magnet
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a c Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Ma
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IACC ( τ ) = t2 ∫ The Use of Cer
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D50 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 The Use
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Modeling of Thermal Transport in Ce
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