Developments in Ceramic Materials Research

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28 Leslie G. Cecil paste and Macanché Red-on-paste) are chemically different from those red pigments used in conjunction with black decoration (Sacá Polychrome and Canté Polychrome) (Cecil and Neff 2006:1490). Additionally, the black pigments used to decorate Kowoj-specific pottery (Sacá Polychrome, Pastel Polychrome, and Canté Polychrome) are also compositionally different than those of Itza-specific black decorations (Ixpop Polychrome). It also appears that different black pigments were used depending on the motifs being painted (mats, circles, and birds versus hooks and reptiles). By comparing these data to those from the Early Postclassic period, we can begin to see the effect of different sociopolitical groups establishing and maintaining boundaries during the Postclassic period. First, during the later Postclassic period, Topoxté Island Kowoj manufactured pottery with at least two different pastes and two different slips. They traded this pottery to other communities in the Kowoj territory and there may be preferences as to which community received the better quality pottery. This preference may suggest closer affilitations between Kowoj at Topoxté Island and Zacpetén rather that between Kowoj at Topoxté Island and Tipuj. Less than 10 sherds of this pottery have been excavated from archaeological sites within the Itza territory. Second, it appears that Postclassic potters were using different gray clays for different decorative programs. Pottery decorated in red and redand-black is associated with the Kowoj and occurs predominately at Zacpetén with lesser amounts at Tipuj. The pastes and slips cluster together suggesting a manufacturing zone at or around Zacpetén and trade between Zacpetén and Tipuj. One the other hand, Snail-Inclusion Paste ware pottery with the incised ilhuitl glyph and thick glossy slips characteristic of Tipuj manufacture appears to be produced at Tipuj and traded to the west. This may reflect the ethnohistorical account of the Itza temporarily loosing control of Tipuj and then regaining it after A.D. 1618 (Jones 1998). To the west, two paste groups represent pottery excavated from the archaeological sites of Ch’ich’ and Ixlú. This pottery is undecorated and represents the largest diversity in slips. Thus, it appears that the Itza utilized a larger resource base when manufacturing their pottery and/or more extensive trade is occurring that we have not yet been able to detect. Nevertheless, these data demonstrate that various chemical composition groups were established that reflect the differences in paste, slip, manufacturing, and trade characteristics that are associated with pottery from the archaeological sites of Ch’ich’, Ixlú, Zacpetén, and Tipuj in the central Petén lakes region. When these data are examined in light of the ethnohistorical and archaeological record, changes in manufacturing characteristics and trading patterns throughout the Postclassic period can be recognized. During the Early Postclassic period, pottery from all of the sites seems to suggest that potters in the central Petén lakes region were making similar pottery or that trade was not restricted. In addition to similar manufacturing traditions and unrestricted trade, some potters were attempting to continue the Late Classic pottery technique of creating hard, compact pastes that were then painted with polychrome decoration and gloss slips. The Late Postclassic period is characterized by migrations of sociopolitical groups from the north as well as the manufacture of sociopolitical specific decorative programs and paste groups. While these data advance our understanding of pottery manufacture and trade of the Itza and Kowoj, more research needs to be conducted to obtain a clearer view of Maya life at the time of Spanish contact. More extensive excavations at archaeological sites in the Itza territory as well as analyzing possible clay and pigment raw material sources will
Postclassic Maya Ceramic Advances 29 undoubtedly better define Itza-specific pottery as well as further defining local trade that involved Ch’ich’, Ixlú, Zacpetén, and Tipuj. ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to thank Michael D. Glascock (MURR) and Hector Neff (California State University-Long Beach) for their assistance with my training and understanding of INAA and LA-ICP-MS techniques, respectively. The INAA research and operating support for the MURR Archaeometry Laboratory was provided by a grant from the National Science Foundation (BCS- 0504015). This research was also supported in part by a grant from the US Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology Award No. DE- FG07-03ID14531 to the Midwest Nuclear Science and Engineering Consortium under the Innovations in Nuclear Infrastructure and Education program. The LA-ICP-MS research was funded by the National Science Foundation (BCS-0228187). The archaeological research was supported by funding from Proyecto Maya Colonial of Southern Illinois University Carbondale, from the National Science Foundation (Dissertation Improvement Grant SBR- 9816325), and from Sigma Xi Grants-In-Aid of Research. I would also like to thank the Instituto de Antropología e Historia (IDEAH) of Guatemala for allowing the export of the pottery sample to the United States for study. All errors and omission are my own. REFERENCES Adams, R. E. W., and Trik, A. S. (1961). Temple I (Str. 5-1): Post-Constructional Activities: Vol. 7. Tikal Reports University Monograph No. 20. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. Alexander, R.T. (1998). Postclassic Settlement Pattern at Isla Cilvituk, Campeche, México. Paper presented at the 63 rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Seattle, WA. Alexander, R.T. (2005a). Isla Cilvituk and the Difficulties of Colonization in Southwestern Campeche. In S. Kepecs and R. Alexander (Eds.), The Postclassic to Spanish-Era Transition in Mesoamerica: Archaeological Perspectives (pp. 161-183). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. Alexander, R.T. (2005b). La Comunidad Postclásica en la Isla Cilvituk, Campeche: ¿Comprende una Frontera Interna? In T.O. Harada and A. L. Izquierdo (Eds.), Nuevas perspectivas sobre la geografía política de los mayas (pp. 210-228). México D.F.: Centro de Estudios Mayas, UNAM. Ball, J. W. (1982). Appendix I: The Tancah Ceramic Situation: Cultural and Historical Insights from an Alternative Material Class. In A. Miller (Ed.), On the Edge of the Sea: Mural Painting at Tancah-Tulum, Quintana Roo, Mexico (pp. 105-111). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. Baxter, M. J. (1994). Exploratory Multivariate Analysis in Archaeology. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
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D50 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 The Use
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248 Li Chen the back contact cathod
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