Developments in Ceramic Materials Research

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60 T. T. Basiev, V. A. Demidenko, K. V. Dykel’skii et al. c d e f Figure 4. Characteristic microphotographs of the CaF2 powders of different precursors. a) « Krasnyi khimik »; b) «IREA»; c) «Stella», Japan; d) Angarsk electrolysis chemical factory; e) CaF2 VNIIKHT; f) CaF2: Er, VNIIKHT, M1. a b Figure 5. Characteristic microphotographs of the chip of the CaF 2 artificial optical ceramics – (a) and fine structure of the grains – (b).
Optical Fluoride and Oxysulfide Ceramics: Preparation and Characterization 61 When employing the fluoride ceramics as an active laser media the doping of the matrix is supposed primarily with the rare – earth activator ions. The first experiments show that a mixture of powders is unacceptable for preparation of solid solution as an optical ceramics. Distribution of cations in the Ca0,9Er0,1F2,1 ceramic sample prepared by hot pressing method of a mixture of powders is presented in Figure 6. It is seen that conditions of the experiment are not suitable for the diffusion homogenization of the components. The erbium concentration in points 1 and 2 in Figure 6 differs 30 times. The variations of the components of solid solution lead to the variation of the refraction index. This leads to the optical inhomogeneity of the ceramic sample and makes it unsuitable for the use in photonics. Figure 6. Microphotographs of the Ca 1-xEr xF 2+x (x=0,1) ceramics prepared from the CaF 2 : ErF 3 mixture in the rays of Er. Shoot made at “Camebax”. For the preparation of the precursors for optical fluoride ceramics the co-precipitation method of fluorides of the alkaline – earth and rare - earth elements from the water solution is provided [31]. With the reverse dropping of the solution of the mixture of nitrates into the hydrofluoric acid it is managed by trial and error to select the conditions for co-precipitation, washing, and drying. This leads to the preparation of the raw materials with uniform chemical composition (see Figure 7). The ceramics samples of the Ca1-xRxF2-x solid solutions prepared are presented in Figures 8 and 9. The microhardness H and fracture toughness K1C of the ceramic samples and comparison with single crystals is provided by micro-indentation method [30]. The ceramic samples are cut by the diamond saw, and then they are ground and mechanically polished. The mechanical tests of single crystals are performed at cleaved [111] facets. The strain is induced at room temperature by the diamond Vickers pyramid. Indentation is preformed using a microhardness meter PMT-3. For the scratch-hardness tests, we use a Martens sclerometer. The indentation load (P = 0.5 -1 H) is chosen so, as to reliably observe not only the impressions themselves but also radial cracks outgoing from them.
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DEVELOPMENTS IN CERAMIC MATERIALS R
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Copyright © 2007 by Nova Science P
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PREFACE Ceramics are refractory, in
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Preface ix crystals is discussed. A
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Preface xi spectra and the directio
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2 Leslie G. Cecil comprehensive dat
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4 Leslie G. Cecil Ringle et al. (19
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6 Leslie G. Cecil The main architec
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8 Leslie G. Cecil can study “the
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Page 50 and 51: 36 Z. C. Li, Z. J. Pei and C. Tread
Page 68 and 69: 54 T. T. Basiev, V. A. Demidenko, K
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Page 82 and 83: 68 Fluorescence, a.u. 1 T. T. Basie
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Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Magnet
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Sm (J/Kmol) Sm (J/Kmol) 15 10 5 Syn
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Intensity (a.u.) Intensity (a.u.) 8
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In: Developments in Ceramic Materia
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The Use of Ceramic Pots in Old Wors
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3.2. Wall-in Positions The Use of C
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IACC ( τ ) = t2 ∫ The Use of Cer
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where σ res is the scattering cros
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D50 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 The Use
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Definition (D50) 1 0.95 0.9 0.85 0.
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Modeling of Thermal Transport in Ce
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q x = Modeling of Thermal Transport
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212 R. Ramesh, H. Kara, Ron Stevens
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220 ε S 33 R. Ramesh, H. Kara, Ron
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242 Development of Display Technolo
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244 Li Chen technology moved to the
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246 Li Chen The continuing evolutio
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248 Li Chen the back contact cathod
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250 Li Chen Figure 3. Vertical side
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252 Li Chen Figure 6. Molybdenum mi
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254 Li Chen Figure 8(a). I-V curve
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256 Li Chen Figure 9. Life time tes
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258 Figure 11(a). Plasma generated
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260 Li Chen [13] C.A. Spindt, K.R.
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262 S. Ardizzone, C. L. Bianchi, G.
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A absorption spectra, 66, 67, 77, 7
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correlation function, 156 corrosion
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group membership, 13, 20, 21, 22, 2
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microstructure(s), x, xi, 73, 74, 2
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efraction index, 61 refractive inde
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time, vii, ix, 1, 3, 7, 8, 11, 26,
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Developments in Ceramic Materials Research

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