Trade and Employment From Myths to Facts - International Labour ...

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Trade and Employment: From Myths to Facts Input-output tables Bangladesh Input-output table, 1962/63 (in 100,000 rupees at current purchasers’ prices). Source: Khan, A.R.; MacEwan, A. 1967. Regional input-output tables for East and West Pakistan (Pakistan Institute of Development Economics). Dimensions: 35 sectors, industry by industry. Imports: c.i.f. plus duty column in the final demand wing. Imports from West Pakistan are shown in a separate column. Exports: In two columns for exports to West Pakistan and other exports. Available at: http://storm.ca/~sdamus/io_data.htm. Benin Not available in the public domain. Guatemala Input-output table, 1971 (in quetzales, at producers’ prices). Source: Centro de Estudios Centroamericanos de Integración y Desarrollo. 1978. Relaciones económicas intersectoriales: matrices de insumo-producto de Guatemala, año 1971. Dimensions: 45 sectors, industry by industry. Imports: In one intermediate input row, including duties. Available at: http://storm.ca/~sdamus/io_data.htm. Indonesia Input-output table, 1995 (in millions of rupiah at producers’ prices). Source: Biro Pusat Statistik. 1998. Table input-output Indonesia, 1995, Vol. I (Jakarta), table 2. Dimensions: 66 sectors, commodity by commodity. Imports: Imports c.i.f., duties and taxes in negative F.D. columns. Available at http://storm.ca/~sdamus/io_data.htm. 170
GENDER ASPECTS OF TRADE 5.1 INTRODUCTION Günseli Berik 1 5 Expansion of trade has been one of the major forces of global integration of economies in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Trade liberalization policies that were implemented through multi-lateral, regional or bilateral trade agreements have been instrumental in this expansion of trade. Since the early 1980s, developing and industrial countries alike have reduced tariffs and have shifted away from quantitative restrictions to tariffs. In many developing countries, trade liberalization was implemented as part of structural adjustment programmes that aimed to bring macroeconomic stability and growth. Even when countries moved out of the debt crises that initially launched these market reforms, these sets of policies have often continued. The ongoing trade negotiations that focus on removal of various controls, protections and export subsidies continue to emphasize the benefits of trade liberalization in bringing prosperity to low-income countries and reducing inequalities between countries. This study examines the literature relating to the effect of trade liberalization and subsequent trade expansion on employment and wages of women and gender inequalities. The main question is the extent to which trade policies have enhanced women’s economic and social status and reduced within-country gender inequalities. The relationship between gender and trade has been examined in the scholarly literature since the early 1980s, which has shown the gender-differentiated effects of macroeconomic policies (Çağatay and Elson, 2000). The topic is receiving increasing attention in trade policy discussions as well, with calls for concrete policy measures to gender-mainstream trade policies. From a trade-policy perspective, the interest centres on the potential benefits of promoting gender equality for favourable trade outcomes and growth. In addition, there is desire for better anticipating the 1 I thank, without implicating, Marion Jansen, Ralf Peters, David Kucera, Alessandra Lustrati and Naoko Otobe, and an anonymous reviewer, for useful comments on this paper. 171
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Trade and Employment From Myths to
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Trade and Employment From Myths to
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PREFACE Trade negotiations -bilater
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Trade and Employment: From Myths to
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EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS EDITORS Ma
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors wish t
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NEW EVIDENCE ON TRADE AND EMPLOYMEN
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Chapter 2: New evidence on trade an
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Region Annualized percentage change
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Region 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 200
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Figure 2.4.b: Long-run association
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20 See Harrison and Rodriguez-Clare
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ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF TRADE ON EM
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Chapter 3: Assessing the impact of
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p * Chapter 3: Assessing the impact
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APPPENDIX 3.A: TABLES Chapter 3: As
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