Trade and Employment From Myths to Facts - International Labour ...

Contents
4.3.1 The informal economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3.2 Trade and the informal economy:
Theory and concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.4 Approaches to assess the impact of trade
on the informal economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.4.1 Qualitative approaches (micro-level studies) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
4.4.2 Empirical quantitative studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
4.4.3 Computable general equilibrium (CGE) models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.5 Policy recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
4.6 Conclusions and the way forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5. Gender Aspects of Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Günseli Berik
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
5.2 Assessing gender impacts of trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.2.1 Gender inequalities precede trade reforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.2.2 Methodological considerations:
indentifying the gender impacts of trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.3 The gender impacts of trade on employment
and wages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.3.1 Theoretical Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
5.3.2 Empirical evidence: Global feminization
of employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.3.3 Empirical evidence: Wage levels, wage growth
and gender wage gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.3.4 Empirical analyses of trade impacts
on gender wage gaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.4 Trade liberalization in agriculture:
Women farmers and agricultural workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
5.5 Intra-household effects of trade liberalization:
Time and resource allocation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.5.1 Time allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.5.2 Resource allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.6 Conclusions and policy implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.6.1 Main findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.6.2 Policy recommendations: promoting genderequitable
job creation and economic security. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
ix