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358 Nip-pon. EAST ASIA. " The original Chinese form was Nit-pon, meaning the Land of the Rising Sun, the Orient, from nit, sun, and pon, origin. The word was in this form adopted about the seventh century of the Chistian era by the Japanese, who soon assimilated the t to the whence ;;, Nip-pon, Nip-hon, and even Nif-hon. But in China the t was first dropped, whence Ni-pon, or Ni-pen, and the initial N through Mongolia influence,* afterwards changed to J, whence Ji-pen, the form cur- rent in the time of Marco Polo, whose Venetian Zipanga derives directly from it, and is the parent of all the European varieties of the word Japan. This word was, as stated, from the first applied to the whole archipelago, and not exclusively to the large island, for which the Japanese had no general name till that of Hondo, that is, Original, or Main Division, was introduced some six years ago. Hence in our maps Nip-pon ought to be either altogether suppressed or extended to the whole group that is, made synonymous with Japan, both, being varieties of the common prototype Nit-pon." t PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. Japan was first reached in 1543 by the Portuguese navigators Mendez Pinto, Diego Zamaito, and Borrallo, driven by stress of weather to the island of Tanega, south of Kiu-siu. They were well received, commercial relations were established between Japan and Malacca, and marriages were even contracted between the strangers and some wealthy native women. But the missionaries soon made their appearance, and religious wars had already broken out before the close of the sixteenth century. The Christians were ultimately expelled or massacred, and the country closed to all Europeans except the Dutch, who were allowed to retain their factory of Dc-sima, near Nagasaki, on the condition of spitting or trampling on the cross. Confined to this remote corner of the archipelago, the Dutch found opportunities to study the natural history of the country and the manners of its inhabitants, and the great works of Kiimpfer and Sicbold still rank amongst the most valuable documents we possess on the Empire of the Rising Sun. Even the geographical works published by the natives themselves during the eighteenth century bear evident traces of European influences. On a general survey of the land, begun in 1778 and concluded in 1807, the learned Yino prepared a map of the islands on a scale of 1 : 500,000, in which he endeavoured to reconcile the observations of the natives with the contour of the seaboard as traced on the Dutch charts. Towards the end of the eighteenth century Mogami Tokouda'i had already explored and described the Kuriles, and the islands off the south-west coast of Japan had been visited by the two brothers, Simo-dani. Lastly, Mamiya Rinzo surveyed the coast of Manchuria, and by sailing through the strait between Sakhalin and Siberia, which now bears his name, proved Sakhalin to be an island, thus solving a problem which had successively baffled La Perouse, Broughton, and * During the Yen, or Mongol dynasty (12601366), the Mandarin or court language was greatly influenced by the Mongol phonetic system, t A. H. Keane's "Asia," p. 609.
Krusenstern. PROGRESS OF DISCOVERY. 359 " The Japanese have vanquished me," exclaimed Krusenstern, on hearing the news of Mamiya Rinzo's success. In 1811, when the Russian traveller Golovnin was detained a captive by the Japanese Government, Rinzo and other Fig. 165. STRAIT OF YESO. Scale 1 : 660,000. to 64 Feet. 64 Feet and upward*. 12 Miles. savants, who were already familiar with the ordinary methods of determining latitudes and longitudes, acquired from him the art of calculating longitudes directly by observation of the stars, and solar and lunar distances.
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THE EARTH AND ITS INHABITANTS. ASIA
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iv CONTENTS. TAGS p. 192. Basin of
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EAST ASIA. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. I
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Vlll 173. Gulf of Simoda and Oho-si
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2 EAST ASIA. EAST AND WEST CONTRAST
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4 EAST ASIA. re-ions were in the po
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6 EAST ASIA. " Snowy Mountains," wh
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EAST ASIA. FOREIGN INFLUENCE RUSSIA
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10 EAST ASIA. already been opened i
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12 But it may be asked, EAST ASIA.
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14 EAST ASIA. meanino- strength," o
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1(J EAST ASIA. surveyors the presen
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18 EAST ASIA. Kuen-lun surpasses th
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20 EAST ASIA. plateau between the O
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22 EAST ASIA. 15 to 24 miles. The p
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24 EAST ASIA. the Upper Yarkand val
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26 EAST ASIA. which the present lak
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og EAST ASIA. the main head-stream
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80 Fisr. 11. LAKE PALTI. Scale 1 :
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82 EAST ASIA. But however this be,
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34 favour of the Dihong, EAST ASIA.
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86 EAST ASIA. basin limited by the
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HEAD-WATERS OP TUE GREAT INDO-CHINE
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CLIMATE. 89 snow. On the southern s
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a M p 3 fc I o H i
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42 EAST ASIA. The more or less mixe
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44 EAST ASIA. BUDDHISM. Tibet is th
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46 Pig. 18. TIHETAN AMUIET. EAST AS
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48 EAST ASIA. During the present ce
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50 and thrown into the stream. EAST
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TOPOGEAPHY. 51 here is the temporar
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7. B Hr- fe H
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54 EAST ASIA. salt, wool, and borax
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56 EAST ASIA. ADMINISTRATE PENAL CO
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turn a passing celebrity. CHAPTER I
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Scale 1:11.000.000 Ihf JfnU cxpreia
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PEOGBESS OF DISCOVERY. 59 while Bud
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THE YABKAND AND KASHGAB. 61 congeal
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the village of Abdalli, close to it
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THE TAKLA-MAKAN DESERT. 65 Turkesta
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INHABITANTS THE KASHGAEIANS. 67 and
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BOUTES AND PASSES. 69 which seem to
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TOPOGRAPHY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
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TOPOGRAPHY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
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CHAPTER IV. MONGOLIA. I. THE KUKU-N
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LAKE KUKU. 77 Prjevalsky, which bre
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INHABITANTS-THE TANGTJTANS. 79 the
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CLIMATE AND RAINFALL. 81 mediate so
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TOPOGRAPHY. 83 broad, connects Chin
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TOPOGRAPHY. 85 invaded by the sands
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TOPOGRAPHY. 87 its eastern extremit
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HISTORICAL EOUTES. 89 continent, an
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'. os K c 1 IB O H
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92 EAST ASIA. the These are plains.
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94 EAST ASIA. most densely peopled
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96 EAST ASIA. 1,200 square miles, b
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98 EAST ASIA. some places to 4,500
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!00 EAST ASIA. the Pecha, a mountai
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102 EAST ASIA. THE GREAT WALL. The
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104 EAST ASIA. chaos of conflicting
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106 EAST ASIA. features, prominent
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108 EAST ASIA. The liturgical works
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HO EAST ASIA. wards. The whole regi
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112 EAST ASIA. of it stretches a ch
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114 EAST ASIA. wine, milk, kumis, a
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116 EAST ASIA. In any case any conv
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118 EAST ASIA. with myriads of swal
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120 EAST ASIA. to the country an al
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INHABITANTS THE MANCHUS. 121 burn t
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TOPOGRAPHY. 123 and settled element
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TOPOGRAPHY. 125 which are here buil
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" TOPOGRAPHY. 127 tombs of the ance
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. vTi"i o w s ..
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180 EAST ASIA. " Book of Annals," r
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182 EAST ASIA. under favouraole con
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184 EAST ASIA. the former to the no
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136 EAST ASIA. representing the tro
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13s EAST ASIA. respect they have re
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14 Q and balloon respectively. EAST
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142 EAST ASIA. No revelation having
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!44 the living. EAST ASIA. The Chin
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146 EAST ASIA. Buddhism offered its
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148 EAST ASIA. Ningpo, have all die
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150 EAST ASIA. Compared with their
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152 EAST ASIA. " Prester John," whi
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154 EAST ASIA. recognise in them a
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150 EAST ASIA. disgrace all previou
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158 EAST ASIA. are also bought by t
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160 EAST ASIA. nation is quickened
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162 EAST ASIA. opinion, it was prob
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164 EAST ASIA. way somewhat abruptl
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^t-y-^ *lHoAn-o\m ,V r re-nan *&i\.
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TOPOGRAPHY PEKING. 165 Peking stand
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TOPOGRAPHY PEKING. 167 The northern
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TOPOGRA PHY PEKING. 169 Polo, when
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TOPOGRAPHY PEKING. 171 nearly all i
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TOPOGRAPHY. 173 the Kai'ping coal m
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TOPOGRAPHY. places, and palanquin b
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TOPOGRAPHY. 177 north of the town,
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THE HOANG-HO BASIN. 179 river flowi
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THE HOANG-HO BASIN. 181 Below these
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THE HOANG-HO BASIN. 183 Emperor Kic
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THE GRAND CANAL AND LOWER HOANG-HO.
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THE TSING-LING AND OTHER RANGES. 18
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THE YELLOW LANDS. 189 north-easterl
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- a (N a! Ed a a z Id
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192 EAST ASIA. Shantung, Shansi, Sh
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TOPOGRAPHY. 103 North of Sining-fu
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TOPOGRAPHY. 195 trends eastward, Tu
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BASIN OF THE YANG-TZE-KIANO. 197 he
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THE UPPER YANG-TZE AND MIN. 199 tos
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THE MIDDLE YANG-TZE AND HAN-KIANG.
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LAKE POYANG AND THE LOWER TANG-TZE.
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SECHUEN HIGHLANDS 205 northwards to
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SECHUEN HIGHLANDS. 207 plateau, the
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INHABITANTS OF SECHUEN. THE SI-FAN.
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THE MANTZE, LOLO, AND CHINESE OF SE
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THE MANTZE, LOLO, AND CHINESE OF SE
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THE MIAOTZE. 215 Hundred Families,"
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HUNAN, KIANGSI, AND CHEKIANGK 217 t
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INHABITANTS OF THE LOWER YANG-TZE B
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CHINESE MIN3RS-UPPER YANG-TZE HIGHL
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222 EAST ASIA. walls and most of th
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224 time and labour. drove the inno
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226 EAST ASIA. The exports consist
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TOPOGRAPHY. 227 Lake Tungting. On a
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jjai II " > fv - f fflM/V r j V3 8
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230 EAST ASIA. (ChangJ, and at the
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232 EAST ASIA. Shanghai, the neares
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284 EAST ASIA. station, which also
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286 EAST ASIA. Five miles south-wes
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TOPOGRAPHY. 287 quoted proverb. The
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TOPOGRAPHY. 289 vated lands on the
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I . -
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242 EAST ASIA. disyllabic compounds
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TOPOGRAPHY. 243 islets, and complet
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TOPOGRAPHY. 245 Fokien, and is stil
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BASIN OP THE SI-KIANG. 247 round ab
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Sbangtchouen L(S', 113'E.of Gr. '~
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THE CANTON DELTA. 249 in 1722 Gaubi
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INHABITANTS OF SOUTH CHINA. 251 INH
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TOPOGRAPHY. 253 estuaries. The Chin
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TOPOGRAPHY. 255 porcelains, and mar
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HONG KONG. 257 Nearly all the trade
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MACAO. 259 shipping in the roadstea
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MACAO. 261 connected with the mainl
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YUNNAN. 263 and although no Europea
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YUNNAN. 265 was again visited by Fr
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INHABITANTS OF YUNNAN. 267 arrows d
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TOPOGRAPHY. 269 besides Lolo, Pai,
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H R M p Q i fel BE B
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272 EAST ASIA. and has some large m
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274 EAST ASIA. a hand, whose finger
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276 EAST ASIA. between Ningpo and C
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278 EAST ASIA. thickets, which flou
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280 EAST ASIA. periods been known t
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232 EAST ASIA. TangsJnti), near the
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284 EAST ASIA. extent and very moun
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286 EAST ASIA. same way furnished w
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288 EAST ASIA. the inhabitants of t
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290 EAST ASIA. to which the field i
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202 EAST ASIA. tea the Russians usu
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294 EAST ASIA. minister Wangmang, a
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290 EAST ASIA. marvellous texture a
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298 EAST ASIA. that has never been
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300 EAST ASIA. habits They even com
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302 EAST ASIA. But the hard conditi
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804 EAST ASIA. Rice is brought chie
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306 EAST ASIA. follow this line, wh
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308 EAST ASIA. circumambient genii.
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810 EAST ASIA. is seldom granted. E
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812 EAST ASIA. THE NEW IDEAS SOCIAL
Page 394 and 395: 814 EAST ASIA. succeed in again rev
Page 396: 816 EAST ASIA. According to law, Lu
Page 399 and 400: LIMITATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL AUTHORI
Page 401 and 402: PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS. 321 competitor
Page 403 and 404: THE MANDAEINS. 828 conic in shape,
Page 405 and 406: - " ' THE MANDARINS. Fig. 153. VAGR
Page 407 and 408: PENAL CODE. 827 murder of mandarins
Page 409 and 410: THE AEMY. 829 men are not required
Page 411 and 412: THE CTJKRENCY. 831 and other defens
Page 413 and 414: ADMINISTEATIVE DIVISIONS. 883 " It
Page 415 and 416: KOREA. S35 whole peninsula, under t
Page 417 and 418: PfiOGEESS OF DISCOVERY FOREIGN EELA
Page 419 and 420: PHYSICAL FEATURES GEOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
Page 421 and 422: MINERAL WEALTH-FLORA AND FAUNA CLIM
Page 423 and 424: MINERAL WEALTH FLORA AND FAUNA CLIM
Page 425: KOREAN MANDAKINS.
Page 428 and 429: 816 EAST ASIA. unintelligible to ev
Page 430 and 431: 848 EAST ASIA. HABITS AXD CUSTOMS T
Page 432 and 433: a 50 EAST ASIA. question, they trea
Page 434 and 435: 852 EAST ASIA. and his letter of is
Page 436: 354 EAST ASIA. is here crossed by a
Page 442 and 443: 356 EAST ASIA. of the Pacific and R
Page 446 and 447: 360 EAST ASIA. Since the recent cha
Page 448 and 449: 362 EAST ASIA. islets, which arc th
Page 450 and 451: 864 EAST ASIA. relief of the land h
Page 452 and 453: 366 EAST ASIA. innumerable channels
Page 454 and 455: 368 EAST ASIA. Fig. n' i ^ " --^ ^_
Page 456 and 457: 370 EAST ASIA. villages in this dis
Page 459 and 460: THE HIGHLANDS OP SOUTH HONDO. 871 i
Page 463 and 464: LAKE BIVA. 873 bubblings everywhere
Page 465 and 466: THE INLAND SEA. 875 THE INLAND SEA.
Page 467 and 468: THE ISLAND OP SIKOK. 377 parallel w
Page 469 and 470: THE ISLAND OP KIU-SIU. 879 miles fr
Page 473 and 474: THE BITJ-KIU (LU-CHU) AND GOTO AECH
Page 475 and 476: TI1E EIU-KIU (LU-CHU) AND GOTO ARCH
Page 477 and 478: THE EIU-KIU (LU-CHU) AND GOTO AECH1
Page 479: JAPANESE PEASANTRY.
Page 482 and 483: 888 EAST ASIA. Notwithstanding the
Page 484 and 485: 890 EAST ASIA. constitution, and is
Page 486 and 487: 392 EAST ASIA. whole, the flowers a
Page 488 and 489: 891 EAST ASIA. red face, differing
Page 490: 398 EAST ASIA. Compared with Europe
Page 493 and 494: INHABITANTS THE AINOS. 397 neighbou
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INHABITANTS THE AINOS. 899 pikes an
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THE PRESENT JAPANESE EACE. 401 curr
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THE PRESENT JAPANESE EACE. 408 whol
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THE PRESENT JAPANESE BACE. 405 indo
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THE PRESENT JAPANESE EACE. 407 powe
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f ' Vi m i - ' CO 5 6 05 a CL, 3
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410 EAST ASIA. which if not " lumin
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412 EAST ASIA. under exceptional co
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414 EAST ASIA. Fi>. 192. BunimtxT T
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416 EAST ASIA. respects from all th
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418 EAST ASIA. the sun warms the ea
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420 EAST ASIA. to the south-west li
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422 EAST ASIA. the curiosities of t
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irazaki KOFOU (YAMAN */ nMm Misima
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TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 423 to the b
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TOPOGEAPHY OF NIP-PON. 425 destroye
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TOPOGRAPHY OE NIP-PON. to avenge th
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TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 429 interior
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TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 431 woods, p
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TOPOGRAPHY OP NIP-PON. 433 when Pri
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TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 485 capitals
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TOPOGEAPHY OF NIP-PON. 437 of the O
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TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 489 even rai
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TOPOGEAPHY OF SIKOK, KIU-SIU, AND E
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TOPOGRAPHY OP S1KOK, KIU-SIU, AND E
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THE BONIN AECHIPELAGO. 445 clature
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EICE AND TEA CULTUKE. 447 interveni
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RICE AND TEA GUI/TUBE. 449 " Tea is
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LAND TENURE MINING INDUSTRY. 451 Fi
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MANUFACTURES JAPANESE ART PORCELAIN
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LACQUER-WAKE AND PAPER. LACQUER-WAR
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LACQUEB-WABE AND PAPER. 457 leather
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LACQUER-WARE AND PAPER. 459 style o
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LACQUEE-WARE AND PAPEE. 461 most of
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FOEEIGN TEADE. 4C3 when he next ent
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FOREIGN TRADE. 466 During the last
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BOADS KAILWAYS-TELEGBAPHS. 467 mode
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LITERATURE AND PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
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HISTORIC RETROSPECT THE REVOLUTION.
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ADMINISTRATION. 473 ADMINISTRATION.
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FINANCE-MINT AEMY AND NAVY. year 18
Page 585 and 586:
STATISTICAL TABLES. Area in sq. Est
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NUMBER op CHINESE SETTLED ARROAD. B
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Province of I T? ThiUikhar. itiikha
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CIRCUIT or TOSAN-DO STATISTICAL TAB
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Abdalli, 63 Aberdeen (Hong Kong), 2
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Hida Mountains, 372 Hion- fung, Mou
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Melville, 383 Menghoa-hien, 271 Men
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Tadum, 30, 61 Ta-hu, Lake, 204 Taic
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^ jrgX
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