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LANGUAGE AND LETTERS. 409 Teutonic and Latin elements have been thoroughly fused, whereas in Sinico-Japa- nese the Yamato and Chinese lie, so to say, in juxtaposition. The Lu-chu dialect is regarded as a distinct language, although nearly related to Japanese and written with the same syllabaries. It also contains many Chinese words introduced by the lettered classes. A portion of the Bible has been translated into this dialect by the missionary Bettelheim. In Japanese there are two systems of transcription, of which the oldest are the Chinese ideographs introduced with the germs of the national culture. But these signs are so numerous that it requires a whole life to master them all. In the elementary schools as many as 3,000 are taught, but no one can claim to be educated if he does not know at least 8,000 or 10,000, which, after all, is scarcely a third or a fourth of the complete dictionary. Hence, from the earliest times efforts have been made to simplify the art of reading. Even before the introduction of the Chinese ideographs the people were acquainted with the Korean syllabary without adopting it. But later on they invented various original phonetic systems commonly spoken of as Sinzi, or " divine writings." At present there are no less than seven different syllabaries, of which six are of local invention. The Jiata kana, or " side writing," so called because added to the Chinese signs to determine their exact value, is in most use amongst the lettered classes. For correspondence, ballads, plays, and popular literature the him kana, or " united writing," is chiefly employed. But neither of these adequately replaces the Chinese signs for abstract ideas and scientific subjects. The Sinico-Japanese words relating to mental con- ceptions, being monosyllabic, have dozens of homonyms difficult to be distinguished one from the other without special signs. Thus the curious mixture of an agglu- tinating and a monosyllabic form of speech known as Sinico-Japanese is unable to dispense with the two corresponding systems of writing the Chinese ideographs and the " lateral " syllabary. The people fully understand how defective is the instrument used by them to express their thoughts. Nevertheless, the question has not yet been raised of rendering English obligatory in the schools for the purpose of gradually substituting a more convenient language for that at present current in the archipelago. Most technical and abstract terms are, however, now taken from the European languages, and more especially from English, instead of from Chinese, as heretofore. The Latin alphabet is also taught, and various attempts have been made to render its use more general. The language itself is by no means deficient in terseness or power of expression. Its greatest defect is probably the absence of a relative pronoun, which occasionally produces involved and somewhat awkward constructions. There is also a great dearth of abstract terms, and of words expressing the more subtle distinctions of European philosophy. Nevertheless it is the opinion of Captain lirinkley, who has devoted much attention to the subject, that if only the serious di'firt. of its complex writing system could be removed, the Japanese language might, with a little cultivation, soon be rendered a fitting instrument for the expression of Western science and literature. Since the eighth century there has been a considerable literary development, 51)
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THE EARTH AND ITS INHABITANTS. ASIA
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iv CONTENTS. TAGS p. 192. Basin of
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EAST ASIA. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. I
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Vlll 173. Gulf of Simoda and Oho-si
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2 EAST ASIA. EAST AND WEST CONTRAST
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4 EAST ASIA. re-ions were in the po
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6 EAST ASIA. " Snowy Mountains," wh
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EAST ASIA. FOREIGN INFLUENCE RUSSIA
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10 EAST ASIA. already been opened i
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12 But it may be asked, EAST ASIA.
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14 EAST ASIA. meanino- strength," o
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1(J EAST ASIA. surveyors the presen
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18 EAST ASIA. Kuen-lun surpasses th
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20 EAST ASIA. plateau between the O
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22 EAST ASIA. 15 to 24 miles. The p
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24 EAST ASIA. the Upper Yarkand val
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26 EAST ASIA. which the present lak
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og EAST ASIA. the main head-stream
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80 Fisr. 11. LAKE PALTI. Scale 1 :
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82 EAST ASIA. But however this be,
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34 favour of the Dihong, EAST ASIA.
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86 EAST ASIA. basin limited by the
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HEAD-WATERS OP TUE GREAT INDO-CHINE
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CLIMATE. 89 snow. On the southern s
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a M p 3 fc I o H i
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42 EAST ASIA. The more or less mixe
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44 EAST ASIA. BUDDHISM. Tibet is th
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46 Pig. 18. TIHETAN AMUIET. EAST AS
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48 EAST ASIA. During the present ce
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50 and thrown into the stream. EAST
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TOPOGEAPHY. 51 here is the temporar
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7. B Hr- fe H
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54 EAST ASIA. salt, wool, and borax
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56 EAST ASIA. ADMINISTRATE PENAL CO
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turn a passing celebrity. CHAPTER I
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Scale 1:11.000.000 Ihf JfnU cxpreia
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PEOGBESS OF DISCOVERY. 59 while Bud
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THE YABKAND AND KASHGAB. 61 congeal
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the village of Abdalli, close to it
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THE TAKLA-MAKAN DESERT. 65 Turkesta
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INHABITANTS THE KASHGAEIANS. 67 and
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BOUTES AND PASSES. 69 which seem to
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TOPOGRAPHY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
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TOPOGRAPHY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
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CHAPTER IV. MONGOLIA. I. THE KUKU-N
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LAKE KUKU. 77 Prjevalsky, which bre
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INHABITANTS-THE TANGTJTANS. 79 the
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CLIMATE AND RAINFALL. 81 mediate so
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TOPOGRAPHY. 83 broad, connects Chin
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TOPOGRAPHY. 85 invaded by the sands
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TOPOGRAPHY. 87 its eastern extremit
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HISTORICAL EOUTES. 89 continent, an
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'. os K c 1 IB O H
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92 EAST ASIA. the These are plains.
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94 EAST ASIA. most densely peopled
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96 EAST ASIA. 1,200 square miles, b
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98 EAST ASIA. some places to 4,500
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!00 EAST ASIA. the Pecha, a mountai
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102 EAST ASIA. THE GREAT WALL. The
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104 EAST ASIA. chaos of conflicting
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106 EAST ASIA. features, prominent
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108 EAST ASIA. The liturgical works
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HO EAST ASIA. wards. The whole regi
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112 EAST ASIA. of it stretches a ch
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114 EAST ASIA. wine, milk, kumis, a
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116 EAST ASIA. In any case any conv
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118 EAST ASIA. with myriads of swal
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120 EAST ASIA. to the country an al
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INHABITANTS THE MANCHUS. 121 burn t
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TOPOGRAPHY. 123 and settled element
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TOPOGRAPHY. 125 which are here buil
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" TOPOGRAPHY. 127 tombs of the ance
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. vTi"i o w s ..
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180 EAST ASIA. " Book of Annals," r
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182 EAST ASIA. under favouraole con
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184 EAST ASIA. the former to the no
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136 EAST ASIA. representing the tro
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13s EAST ASIA. respect they have re
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14 Q and balloon respectively. EAST
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142 EAST ASIA. No revelation having
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!44 the living. EAST ASIA. The Chin
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146 EAST ASIA. Buddhism offered its
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148 EAST ASIA. Ningpo, have all die
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150 EAST ASIA. Compared with their
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152 EAST ASIA. " Prester John," whi
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154 EAST ASIA. recognise in them a
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150 EAST ASIA. disgrace all previou
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158 EAST ASIA. are also bought by t
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160 EAST ASIA. nation is quickened
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162 EAST ASIA. opinion, it was prob
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164 EAST ASIA. way somewhat abruptl
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^t-y-^ *lHoAn-o\m ,V r re-nan *&i\.
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TOPOGRAPHY PEKING. 165 Peking stand
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TOPOGRAPHY PEKING. 167 The northern
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TOPOGRA PHY PEKING. 169 Polo, when
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TOPOGRAPHY PEKING. 171 nearly all i
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TOPOGRAPHY. 173 the Kai'ping coal m
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TOPOGRAPHY. places, and palanquin b
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TOPOGRAPHY. 177 north of the town,
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THE HOANG-HO BASIN. 179 river flowi
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THE HOANG-HO BASIN. 181 Below these
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THE HOANG-HO BASIN. 183 Emperor Kic
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THE GRAND CANAL AND LOWER HOANG-HO.
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THE TSING-LING AND OTHER RANGES. 18
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THE YELLOW LANDS. 189 north-easterl
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- a (N a! Ed a a z Id
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192 EAST ASIA. Shantung, Shansi, Sh
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TOPOGRAPHY. 103 North of Sining-fu
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TOPOGRAPHY. 195 trends eastward, Tu
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BASIN OF THE YANG-TZE-KIANO. 197 he
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THE UPPER YANG-TZE AND MIN. 199 tos
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THE MIDDLE YANG-TZE AND HAN-KIANG.
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LAKE POYANG AND THE LOWER TANG-TZE.
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SECHUEN HIGHLANDS 205 northwards to
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SECHUEN HIGHLANDS. 207 plateau, the
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INHABITANTS OF SECHUEN. THE SI-FAN.
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THE MANTZE, LOLO, AND CHINESE OF SE
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THE MANTZE, LOLO, AND CHINESE OF SE
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THE MIAOTZE. 215 Hundred Families,"
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HUNAN, KIANGSI, AND CHEKIANGK 217 t
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INHABITANTS OF THE LOWER YANG-TZE B
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CHINESE MIN3RS-UPPER YANG-TZE HIGHL
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222 EAST ASIA. walls and most of th
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224 time and labour. drove the inno
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226 EAST ASIA. The exports consist
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TOPOGRAPHY. 227 Lake Tungting. On a
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jjai II " > fv - f fflM/V r j V3 8
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230 EAST ASIA. (ChangJ, and at the
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232 EAST ASIA. Shanghai, the neares
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284 EAST ASIA. station, which also
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286 EAST ASIA. Five miles south-wes
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TOPOGRAPHY. 287 quoted proverb. The
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TOPOGRAPHY. 289 vated lands on the
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I . -
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242 EAST ASIA. disyllabic compounds
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TOPOGRAPHY. 243 islets, and complet
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TOPOGRAPHY. 245 Fokien, and is stil
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BASIN OP THE SI-KIANG. 247 round ab
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Sbangtchouen L(S', 113'E.of Gr. '~
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THE CANTON DELTA. 249 in 1722 Gaubi
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INHABITANTS OF SOUTH CHINA. 251 INH
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TOPOGRAPHY. 253 estuaries. The Chin
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TOPOGRAPHY. 255 porcelains, and mar
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HONG KONG. 257 Nearly all the trade
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MACAO. 259 shipping in the roadstea
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MACAO. 261 connected with the mainl
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YUNNAN. 263 and although no Europea
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YUNNAN. 265 was again visited by Fr
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INHABITANTS OF YUNNAN. 267 arrows d
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TOPOGRAPHY. 269 besides Lolo, Pai,
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H R M p Q i fel BE B
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272 EAST ASIA. and has some large m
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274 EAST ASIA. a hand, whose finger
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276 EAST ASIA. between Ningpo and C
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278 EAST ASIA. thickets, which flou
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280 EAST ASIA. periods been known t
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232 EAST ASIA. TangsJnti), near the
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284 EAST ASIA. extent and very moun
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286 EAST ASIA. same way furnished w
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288 EAST ASIA. the inhabitants of t
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290 EAST ASIA. to which the field i
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202 EAST ASIA. tea the Russians usu
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294 EAST ASIA. minister Wangmang, a
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290 EAST ASIA. marvellous texture a
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298 EAST ASIA. that has never been
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300 EAST ASIA. habits They even com
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302 EAST ASIA. But the hard conditi
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804 EAST ASIA. Rice is brought chie
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306 EAST ASIA. follow this line, wh
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308 EAST ASIA. circumambient genii.
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810 EAST ASIA. is seldom granted. E
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812 EAST ASIA. THE NEW IDEAS SOCIAL
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814 EAST ASIA. succeed in again rev
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816 EAST ASIA. According to law, Lu
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LIMITATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL AUTHORI
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PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS. 321 competitor
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THE MANDAEINS. 828 conic in shape,
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- " ' THE MANDARINS. Fig. 153. VAGR
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PENAL CODE. 827 murder of mandarins
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THE AEMY. 829 men are not required
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THE CTJKRENCY. 831 and other defens
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ADMINISTEATIVE DIVISIONS. 883 " It
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KOREA. S35 whole peninsula, under t
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PfiOGEESS OF DISCOVERY FOREIGN EELA
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PHYSICAL FEATURES GEOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
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MINERAL WEALTH-FLORA AND FAUNA CLIM
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MINERAL WEALTH FLORA AND FAUNA CLIM
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KOREAN MANDAKINS.
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816 EAST ASIA. unintelligible to ev
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848 EAST ASIA. HABITS AXD CUSTOMS T
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a 50 EAST ASIA. question, they trea
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852 EAST ASIA. and his letter of is
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354 EAST ASIA. is here crossed by a
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356 EAST ASIA. of the Pacific and R
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358 Nip-pon. EAST ASIA. " The origi
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360 EAST ASIA. Since the recent cha
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362 EAST ASIA. islets, which arc th
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864 EAST ASIA. relief of the land h
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366 EAST ASIA. innumerable channels
Page 454 and 455: 368 EAST ASIA. Fig. n' i ^ " --^ ^_
Page 456 and 457: 370 EAST ASIA. villages in this dis
Page 459 and 460: THE HIGHLANDS OP SOUTH HONDO. 871 i
Page 463 and 464: LAKE BIVA. 873 bubblings everywhere
Page 465 and 466: THE INLAND SEA. 875 THE INLAND SEA.
Page 467 and 468: THE ISLAND OP SIKOK. 377 parallel w
Page 469 and 470: THE ISLAND OP KIU-SIU. 879 miles fr
Page 473 and 474: THE BITJ-KIU (LU-CHU) AND GOTO AECH
Page 475 and 476: TI1E EIU-KIU (LU-CHU) AND GOTO ARCH
Page 477 and 478: THE EIU-KIU (LU-CHU) AND GOTO AECH1
Page 479: JAPANESE PEASANTRY.
Page 482 and 483: 888 EAST ASIA. Notwithstanding the
Page 484 and 485: 890 EAST ASIA. constitution, and is
Page 486 and 487: 392 EAST ASIA. whole, the flowers a
Page 488 and 489: 891 EAST ASIA. red face, differing
Page 490: 398 EAST ASIA. Compared with Europe
Page 493 and 494: INHABITANTS THE AINOS. 397 neighbou
Page 495 and 496: INHABITANTS THE AINOS. 899 pikes an
Page 497 and 498: THE PRESENT JAPANESE EACE. 401 curr
Page 499 and 500: THE PRESENT JAPANESE EACE. 408 whol
Page 501 and 502: THE PRESENT JAPANESE BACE. 405 indo
Page 503 and 504: THE PRESENT JAPANESE EACE. 407 powe
Page 508 and 509: 410 EAST ASIA. which if not " lumin
Page 510 and 511: 412 EAST ASIA. under exceptional co
Page 512 and 513: 414 EAST ASIA. Fi>. 192. BunimtxT T
Page 514 and 515: 416 EAST ASIA. respects from all th
Page 516 and 517: 418 EAST ASIA. the sun warms the ea
Page 518 and 519: 420 EAST ASIA. to the south-west li
Page 520: 422 EAST ASIA. the curiosities of t
Page 524 and 525: irazaki KOFOU (YAMAN */ nMm Misima
Page 527 and 528: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 423 to the b
Page 529 and 530: TOPOGEAPHY OF NIP-PON. 425 destroye
Page 531 and 532: TOPOGRAPHY OE NIP-PON. to avenge th
Page 535 and 536: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 429 interior
Page 537 and 538: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 431 woods, p
Page 539 and 540: TOPOGRAPHY OP NIP-PON. 433 when Pri
Page 541 and 542: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 485 capitals
Page 543 and 544: TOPOGEAPHY OF NIP-PON. 437 of the O
Page 545 and 546: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 489 even rai
Page 547 and 548: TOPOGEAPHY OF SIKOK, KIU-SIU, AND E
Page 551 and 552: TOPOGRAPHY OP S1KOK, KIU-SIU, AND E
Page 553 and 554: THE BONIN AECHIPELAGO. 445 clature
Page 555 and 556:
EICE AND TEA CULTUKE. 447 interveni
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RICE AND TEA GUI/TUBE. 449 " Tea is
Page 559 and 560:
LAND TENURE MINING INDUSTRY. 451 Fi
Page 561 and 562:
MANUFACTURES JAPANESE ART PORCELAIN
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LACQUER-WAKE AND PAPER. LACQUER-WAR
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LACQUEB-WABE AND PAPER. 457 leather
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LACQUER-WARE AND PAPER. 459 style o
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LACQUEE-WARE AND PAPEE. 461 most of
Page 571 and 572:
FOEEIGN TEADE. 4C3 when he next ent
Page 573 and 574:
FOREIGN TRADE. 466 During the last
Page 575 and 576:
BOADS KAILWAYS-TELEGBAPHS. 467 mode
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LITERATURE AND PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
Page 579 and 580:
HISTORIC RETROSPECT THE REVOLUTION.
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ADMINISTRATION. 473 ADMINISTRATION.
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FINANCE-MINT AEMY AND NAVY. year 18
Page 585 and 586:
STATISTICAL TABLES. Area in sq. Est
Page 587 and 588:
NUMBER op CHINESE SETTLED ARROAD. B
Page 589 and 590:
Province of I T? ThiUikhar. itiikha
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CIRCUIT or TOSAN-DO STATISTICAL TAB
Page 593 and 594:
Abdalli, 63 Aberdeen (Hong Kong), 2
Page 595 and 596:
Hida Mountains, 372 Hion- fung, Mou
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Melville, 383 Menghoa-hien, 271 Men
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Tadum, 30, 61 Ta-hu, Lake, 204 Taic
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^ jrgX
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