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446 EAST ASIA. VITAL STATISTICS AGRICULTURE. Although Japan is to a large extent covered with mountains, and in the north too cold to be thickly peopled, the population of the archipelago is, nevertheless, fur denser than that of France or of many other countries in the west of Europe.* In K ip-pon proper, that is in the " Eight Islands," there are about 230 inhabitants Fig. 207. BOXIN, OR OGASAVARA ARCHIPELAGO. Scale 1 : 900,000. According to Perry. According to the Japanese. 14-9'IQ' EofG 27' ETnf-G 18 Miles. 148' 10' to the square mile, and the increase has been very rapid since the revolution of 1868, when regular official censuses began to be taken. The returns gave 35,110,825 for the whole Empire in 1871, and 35,925,000 in 1880, so that for the * Area and population of Japan : Nip-pon Yeso and Kuriles Liu-kiu . Area in square miles . 112,000 38,000 900 150,900 Population, 1880. 35,451,413 163,355 310.545 35,925,313
EICE AND TEA CULTUKE. 447 intervening nine years the increase was at the rate of about 90,000 yearly. Hence in the natural excess of births over deaths Japan stands nearly on a level with Great Britain, while the population of both countries is about equal. Should it continue to enjoy internal peace, there can be no doubt that the archipelago will outstrip France in the number of its inhabitants long before the close of the nineteenth century. The returns having been carefully made, the general results may be accepted as approximately true. Consequently there can be no reasonable doubt that in Japan the male is in excess of the female population, a remarkable fact already attested by the ancient national records. The excess seems to be about three per cent., whereas in European countries, or in those in the enjoyment of European culture, this proportion is found to be reversed in favour of the female sex wherever systematic returns have hitherto been made.* How such a large relative population can be supported in the land is explained by the diet and habits of its inhabitants. The national tradition recognises five sacred plants, rice, wheat, barley, sarasin, and the azuki pea, which the Wind-God, brother of the Sun, extracted from the body of the Goddess of the Great Air, and which he planted in the soil of South AT ip-pon. Amongst these five plants rice holds by far the first rank, and supplies the chief food of the people. Every person usually requires about two and a half pounds daily, but the vegetables, fruits, and farinaceous preparations added to the staple article of diet do not average more than ten ounces. The poor scarcely ever touch meat, which is little eaten even by the upper classes. Thus all the arable land, formerly valued at scarcely more than 11,000,000 acres, is directly employed in the production of food. Wherever it can grow, even on the slopes of the hills and mountains, which cannot be irrigated without great labour, rice is planted. Xor is it loosely sown, but disposed by the hand in parallel lines, carefully manured with animal substances and constantly watered. RICE AND TEA CULTURE. " Rice being the staple produce, the seasons for sowing, growing, and reaping, are diligently watched by the farmers, who formerly cultivated the land under the daimios as part of their retainers, but now farm under the Mikado's government, paying an annual tax or rent. The rice lands generally lie fallow all the winter, and consequently yield only one crop in the year. In the last days of April, or about the 1st of May, little patches of ground are prepared in the corners of the fields as seed-beds for the young plants. Here the seed is sown thickly, sometimes having been steeped in liquid manure previously to its being sown. It vegetates in the wonderfullv short time of three or four days if the weather be moist or warm, as is generally the case at that season of the year. " In the meantime, while the seed-beds are vegetating, the labourers are busily employed in preparing the land, into which it is to be transplanted. This operation commences at the beginning of June. About three inches deep of water then cover Proportion of the sexes nccorJing : to the census of 1880: men 18,210,500; women: 17,714,823.
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THE EARTH AND ITS INHABITANTS. ASIA
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iv CONTENTS. TAGS p. 192. Basin of
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EAST ASIA. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. I
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Vlll 173. Gulf of Simoda and Oho-si
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2 EAST ASIA. EAST AND WEST CONTRAST
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4 EAST ASIA. re-ions were in the po
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6 EAST ASIA. " Snowy Mountains," wh
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EAST ASIA. FOREIGN INFLUENCE RUSSIA
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10 EAST ASIA. already been opened i
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12 But it may be asked, EAST ASIA.
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14 EAST ASIA. meanino- strength," o
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1(J EAST ASIA. surveyors the presen
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18 EAST ASIA. Kuen-lun surpasses th
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20 EAST ASIA. plateau between the O
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22 EAST ASIA. 15 to 24 miles. The p
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24 EAST ASIA. the Upper Yarkand val
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26 EAST ASIA. which the present lak
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og EAST ASIA. the main head-stream
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80 Fisr. 11. LAKE PALTI. Scale 1 :
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82 EAST ASIA. But however this be,
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34 favour of the Dihong, EAST ASIA.
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86 EAST ASIA. basin limited by the
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HEAD-WATERS OP TUE GREAT INDO-CHINE
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CLIMATE. 89 snow. On the southern s
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a M p 3 fc I o H i
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42 EAST ASIA. The more or less mixe
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44 EAST ASIA. BUDDHISM. Tibet is th
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46 Pig. 18. TIHETAN AMUIET. EAST AS
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48 EAST ASIA. During the present ce
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50 and thrown into the stream. EAST
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TOPOGEAPHY. 51 here is the temporar
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7. B Hr- fe H
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54 EAST ASIA. salt, wool, and borax
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56 EAST ASIA. ADMINISTRATE PENAL CO
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turn a passing celebrity. CHAPTER I
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Scale 1:11.000.000 Ihf JfnU cxpreia
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PEOGBESS OF DISCOVERY. 59 while Bud
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THE YABKAND AND KASHGAB. 61 congeal
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the village of Abdalli, close to it
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THE TAKLA-MAKAN DESERT. 65 Turkesta
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INHABITANTS THE KASHGAEIANS. 67 and
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BOUTES AND PASSES. 69 which seem to
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TOPOGRAPHY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
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TOPOGRAPHY ADMINISTRATIVE DIVISIONS
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CHAPTER IV. MONGOLIA. I. THE KUKU-N
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LAKE KUKU. 77 Prjevalsky, which bre
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INHABITANTS-THE TANGTJTANS. 79 the
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CLIMATE AND RAINFALL. 81 mediate so
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TOPOGRAPHY. 83 broad, connects Chin
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TOPOGRAPHY. 85 invaded by the sands
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TOPOGRAPHY. 87 its eastern extremit
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HISTORICAL EOUTES. 89 continent, an
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'. os K c 1 IB O H
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92 EAST ASIA. the These are plains.
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94 EAST ASIA. most densely peopled
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96 EAST ASIA. 1,200 square miles, b
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98 EAST ASIA. some places to 4,500
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!00 EAST ASIA. the Pecha, a mountai
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102 EAST ASIA. THE GREAT WALL. The
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104 EAST ASIA. chaos of conflicting
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106 EAST ASIA. features, prominent
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108 EAST ASIA. The liturgical works
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HO EAST ASIA. wards. The whole regi
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112 EAST ASIA. of it stretches a ch
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114 EAST ASIA. wine, milk, kumis, a
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116 EAST ASIA. In any case any conv
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118 EAST ASIA. with myriads of swal
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120 EAST ASIA. to the country an al
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INHABITANTS THE MANCHUS. 121 burn t
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TOPOGRAPHY. 123 and settled element
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TOPOGRAPHY. 125 which are here buil
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" TOPOGRAPHY. 127 tombs of the ance
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. vTi"i o w s ..
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180 EAST ASIA. " Book of Annals," r
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182 EAST ASIA. under favouraole con
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184 EAST ASIA. the former to the no
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136 EAST ASIA. representing the tro
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13s EAST ASIA. respect they have re
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14 Q and balloon respectively. EAST
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142 EAST ASIA. No revelation having
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!44 the living. EAST ASIA. The Chin
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146 EAST ASIA. Buddhism offered its
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148 EAST ASIA. Ningpo, have all die
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150 EAST ASIA. Compared with their
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152 EAST ASIA. " Prester John," whi
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154 EAST ASIA. recognise in them a
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150 EAST ASIA. disgrace all previou
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158 EAST ASIA. are also bought by t
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160 EAST ASIA. nation is quickened
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162 EAST ASIA. opinion, it was prob
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164 EAST ASIA. way somewhat abruptl
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^t-y-^ *lHoAn-o\m ,V r re-nan *&i\.
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TOPOGRAPHY PEKING. 165 Peking stand
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TOPOGRAPHY PEKING. 167 The northern
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TOPOGRA PHY PEKING. 169 Polo, when
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TOPOGRAPHY PEKING. 171 nearly all i
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TOPOGRAPHY. 173 the Kai'ping coal m
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TOPOGRAPHY. places, and palanquin b
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TOPOGRAPHY. 177 north of the town,
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THE HOANG-HO BASIN. 179 river flowi
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THE HOANG-HO BASIN. 181 Below these
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THE HOANG-HO BASIN. 183 Emperor Kic
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THE GRAND CANAL AND LOWER HOANG-HO.
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THE TSING-LING AND OTHER RANGES. 18
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THE YELLOW LANDS. 189 north-easterl
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- a (N a! Ed a a z Id
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192 EAST ASIA. Shantung, Shansi, Sh
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TOPOGRAPHY. 103 North of Sining-fu
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TOPOGRAPHY. 195 trends eastward, Tu
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BASIN OF THE YANG-TZE-KIANO. 197 he
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THE UPPER YANG-TZE AND MIN. 199 tos
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THE MIDDLE YANG-TZE AND HAN-KIANG.
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LAKE POYANG AND THE LOWER TANG-TZE.
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SECHUEN HIGHLANDS 205 northwards to
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SECHUEN HIGHLANDS. 207 plateau, the
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INHABITANTS OF SECHUEN. THE SI-FAN.
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THE MANTZE, LOLO, AND CHINESE OF SE
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THE MANTZE, LOLO, AND CHINESE OF SE
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THE MIAOTZE. 215 Hundred Families,"
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HUNAN, KIANGSI, AND CHEKIANGK 217 t
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INHABITANTS OF THE LOWER YANG-TZE B
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CHINESE MIN3RS-UPPER YANG-TZE HIGHL
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222 EAST ASIA. walls and most of th
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224 time and labour. drove the inno
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226 EAST ASIA. The exports consist
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TOPOGRAPHY. 227 Lake Tungting. On a
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jjai II " > fv - f fflM/V r j V3 8
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230 EAST ASIA. (ChangJ, and at the
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232 EAST ASIA. Shanghai, the neares
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284 EAST ASIA. station, which also
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286 EAST ASIA. Five miles south-wes
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TOPOGRAPHY. 287 quoted proverb. The
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TOPOGRAPHY. 289 vated lands on the
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I . -
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242 EAST ASIA. disyllabic compounds
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TOPOGRAPHY. 243 islets, and complet
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TOPOGRAPHY. 245 Fokien, and is stil
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BASIN OP THE SI-KIANG. 247 round ab
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Sbangtchouen L(S', 113'E.of Gr. '~
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THE CANTON DELTA. 249 in 1722 Gaubi
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INHABITANTS OF SOUTH CHINA. 251 INH
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TOPOGRAPHY. 253 estuaries. The Chin
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TOPOGRAPHY. 255 porcelains, and mar
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HONG KONG. 257 Nearly all the trade
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MACAO. 259 shipping in the roadstea
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MACAO. 261 connected with the mainl
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YUNNAN. 263 and although no Europea
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YUNNAN. 265 was again visited by Fr
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INHABITANTS OF YUNNAN. 267 arrows d
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TOPOGRAPHY. 269 besides Lolo, Pai,
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H R M p Q i fel BE B
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272 EAST ASIA. and has some large m
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274 EAST ASIA. a hand, whose finger
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276 EAST ASIA. between Ningpo and C
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278 EAST ASIA. thickets, which flou
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280 EAST ASIA. periods been known t
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232 EAST ASIA. TangsJnti), near the
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284 EAST ASIA. extent and very moun
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286 EAST ASIA. same way furnished w
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288 EAST ASIA. the inhabitants of t
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290 EAST ASIA. to which the field i
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202 EAST ASIA. tea the Russians usu
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294 EAST ASIA. minister Wangmang, a
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290 EAST ASIA. marvellous texture a
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298 EAST ASIA. that has never been
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300 EAST ASIA. habits They even com
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302 EAST ASIA. But the hard conditi
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804 EAST ASIA. Rice is brought chie
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306 EAST ASIA. follow this line, wh
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308 EAST ASIA. circumambient genii.
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810 EAST ASIA. is seldom granted. E
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812 EAST ASIA. THE NEW IDEAS SOCIAL
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814 EAST ASIA. succeed in again rev
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816 EAST ASIA. According to law, Lu
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LIMITATIONS OF THE IMPERIAL AUTHORI
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PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS. 321 competitor
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THE MANDAEINS. 828 conic in shape,
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- " ' THE MANDARINS. Fig. 153. VAGR
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PENAL CODE. 827 murder of mandarins
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THE AEMY. 829 men are not required
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THE CTJKRENCY. 831 and other defens
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ADMINISTEATIVE DIVISIONS. 883 " It
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KOREA. S35 whole peninsula, under t
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PfiOGEESS OF DISCOVERY FOREIGN EELA
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PHYSICAL FEATURES GEOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
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MINERAL WEALTH-FLORA AND FAUNA CLIM
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MINERAL WEALTH FLORA AND FAUNA CLIM
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KOREAN MANDAKINS.
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816 EAST ASIA. unintelligible to ev
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848 EAST ASIA. HABITS AXD CUSTOMS T
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a 50 EAST ASIA. question, they trea
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852 EAST ASIA. and his letter of is
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354 EAST ASIA. is here crossed by a
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356 EAST ASIA. of the Pacific and R
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358 Nip-pon. EAST ASIA. " The origi
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360 EAST ASIA. Since the recent cha
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362 EAST ASIA. islets, which arc th
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864 EAST ASIA. relief of the land h
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366 EAST ASIA. innumerable channels
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368 EAST ASIA. Fig. n' i ^ " --^ ^_
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370 EAST ASIA. villages in this dis
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THE HIGHLANDS OP SOUTH HONDO. 871 i
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LAKE BIVA. 873 bubblings everywhere
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THE INLAND SEA. 875 THE INLAND SEA.
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THE ISLAND OP SIKOK. 377 parallel w
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THE ISLAND OP KIU-SIU. 879 miles fr
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THE BITJ-KIU (LU-CHU) AND GOTO AECH
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TI1E EIU-KIU (LU-CHU) AND GOTO ARCH
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THE EIU-KIU (LU-CHU) AND GOTO AECH1
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JAPANESE PEASANTRY.
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888 EAST ASIA. Notwithstanding the
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890 EAST ASIA. constitution, and is
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392 EAST ASIA. whole, the flowers a
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891 EAST ASIA. red face, differing
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398 EAST ASIA. Compared with Europe
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INHABITANTS THE AINOS. 397 neighbou
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INHABITANTS THE AINOS. 899 pikes an
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THE PRESENT JAPANESE EACE. 401 curr
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THE PRESENT JAPANESE EACE. 408 whol
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THE PRESENT JAPANESE BACE. 405 indo
Page 503 and 504: THE PRESENT JAPANESE EACE. 407 powe
Page 506 and 507: f ' Vi m i - ' CO 5 6 05 a CL, 3
Page 508 and 509: 410 EAST ASIA. which if not " lumin
Page 510 and 511: 412 EAST ASIA. under exceptional co
Page 512 and 513: 414 EAST ASIA. Fi>. 192. BunimtxT T
Page 514 and 515: 416 EAST ASIA. respects from all th
Page 516 and 517: 418 EAST ASIA. the sun warms the ea
Page 518 and 519: 420 EAST ASIA. to the south-west li
Page 520: 422 EAST ASIA. the curiosities of t
Page 524 and 525: irazaki KOFOU (YAMAN */ nMm Misima
Page 527 and 528: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 423 to the b
Page 529 and 530: TOPOGEAPHY OF NIP-PON. 425 destroye
Page 531 and 532: TOPOGRAPHY OE NIP-PON. to avenge th
Page 535 and 536: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 429 interior
Page 537 and 538: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 431 woods, p
Page 539 and 540: TOPOGRAPHY OP NIP-PON. 433 when Pri
Page 541 and 542: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 485 capitals
Page 543 and 544: TOPOGEAPHY OF NIP-PON. 437 of the O
Page 545 and 546: TOPOGRAPHY OF NIP-PON. 489 even rai
Page 547 and 548: TOPOGEAPHY OF SIKOK, KIU-SIU, AND E
Page 551 and 552: TOPOGRAPHY OP S1KOK, KIU-SIU, AND E
Page 553: THE BONIN AECHIPELAGO. 445 clature
Page 557 and 558: RICE AND TEA GUI/TUBE. 449 " Tea is
Page 559 and 560: LAND TENURE MINING INDUSTRY. 451 Fi
Page 561 and 562: MANUFACTURES JAPANESE ART PORCELAIN
Page 563 and 564: LACQUER-WAKE AND PAPER. LACQUER-WAR
Page 565 and 566: LACQUEB-WABE AND PAPER. 457 leather
Page 567 and 568: LACQUER-WARE AND PAPER. 459 style o
Page 569 and 570: LACQUEE-WARE AND PAPEE. 461 most of
Page 571 and 572: FOEEIGN TEADE. 4C3 when he next ent
Page 573 and 574: FOREIGN TRADE. 466 During the last
Page 575 and 576: BOADS KAILWAYS-TELEGBAPHS. 467 mode
Page 577 and 578: LITERATURE AND PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
Page 579 and 580: HISTORIC RETROSPECT THE REVOLUTION.
Page 581 and 582: ADMINISTRATION. 473 ADMINISTRATION.
Page 583 and 584: FINANCE-MINT AEMY AND NAVY. year 18
Page 585 and 586: STATISTICAL TABLES. Area in sq. Est
Page 587 and 588: NUMBER op CHINESE SETTLED ARROAD. B
Page 589 and 590: Province of I T? ThiUikhar. itiikha
Page 591 and 592: CIRCUIT or TOSAN-DO STATISTICAL TAB
Page 593 and 594: Abdalli, 63 Aberdeen (Hong Kong), 2
Page 595 and 596: Hida Mountains, 372 Hion- fung, Mou
Page 597 and 598: Melville, 383 Menghoa-hien, 271 Men
Page 599 and 600: Tadum, 30, 61 Ta-hu, Lake, 204 Taic
Page 602: ^ jrgX
Page 605:
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