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Factors Associated with Damage Geddes, A. M. 1990. The relative importance of crop pests in sub- Saharan Africa. Bulletin no. 36, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham, GB. Gibson, R. W.; Mwanga, R. O. M.; Kasule, S.; Mpembe, I.; Carey, E. E. 1997. Apparent absence of viruses in most symptomless field-grown sweetpotato in Uganda. Ann. Appl. Biol. 130:481-490. Gibson, R. W.; Mpembe, I.; Alicai, T.; Carey, E. E.; Mwanga, R. O. M.; Seal, S. E.; Vetten, H. J. 1998a. Symptoms, aetiology and serological analysis of sweetpotato virus disease in Uganda. Plant Pathol. 47:95-102. Gibson, R. W.; Jeremiah, S. C.; Msabaha, R. P. 1998b. Virus diseases of sweetpotato and cassava in the Lake Zone of Tanzania. Report no. 2380, Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham, GB. Gibson, R. W.; Jeremiah, S. C.; Aritua, V.; Msabaha, R. P.; Mpembe, I.; Ndunguru, J. 2000. Sweetpotato virus disease in sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence that neglect of seedlings in the traditional farming system hinders the development of superior resistant landraces. Phytopathology 148:441-447. Hahn, S. K. 1979. Effects of sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) on growth and yield of sweetpotato. Exp. Agric. 15:253-256. Legg, J. P. 1996. Host-associated strains within Ugandan populations of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hom., Aleyrodidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 120:523-527. Mukiibi, J. 1977. Effects of mosaic virus on the yields of sweetpotato in Uganda. Procs. Fourth International Symposium on Tropical Root Crops. International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, CA. p. 169-170. Ngeve, J. M.; Boukamp, J. C. 1991. Effects of sweetpotato virus disease on the yield of sweetpotato genotypes in Cameroon. Exp. Agric. 27:221-225. Rossel, H. W.; Thottappilly, G. 1987. Complex virus diseases of sweetpotato. In: Exploration, maintenance and utilization of sweetpotato genetic resources. Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Lima, Peru. p. 291-302. Schaefers, G. A.; Terry, E. R. 1976. Insect transmission of sweetpotato diseases in Nigeria. Plant Pathol. 66:642-645. Sheffield, F. M. L. 1953. Virus diseases of sweetpotato in parts of Africa. Emp. J. Exp. Agric. 21:184-189. Sheffield, F. M. L. 1957. Virus diseases of sweetpotato in East Africa. 1. Identification of viruses and their insect vectors. Phytopathology 47:582-587. 97
CHAPTER 1.14 98 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Conclusions and Recommendations Introduction The first phase of the Tropical Whitefly Integrated Pest Management (TWF-IPM) Project (see Introduction to this volume) provided a unique opportunity to assess whitefly and whitefly-borne virus problems in a diverse range of cropping systems across the tropics and to obtain a broad range of diagnostic information as a basis for further concerted action. Sub-Project 4, Whiteflies as virus vectors in cassava and sweetpotato in sub-Saharan Africa, had the ambitious target of establishing collaborative research linkages among more than 15 partner institutions and implementing diagnostic surveys in nine African countries. Activities began in September 1997 and were completed in mid-1999. This chapter reviews the results obtained, considers the experiences gained in setting-up, implementing and completing the diagnostic phase of research, and discusses the implications for subsequent work on enhancing the management of whitefly-borne diseases * International Institute of Tropical Agriculture-Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Center (IITA-ESARC), Kampala, Uganda, and Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK. ** IITA, Biological Control Center for Africa, Cotonou, Benin. James Legg* and Braima James** of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.). Increased Biological Understanding Whitefly species and abundance Field data collection and the examination of whitefly nymph specimens collected by project partners during surveys of cassava and sweetpotato in participating countries provided the most comprehensive information ever obtained for whiteflies on these crops in Africa. More than 2000 specimens were identified and four species were recorded. The two species that have been reported previously on cassava, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and B. afer (Priesner and Hosny), were the only ones occurring widely on cassava and sweetpotato and were recorded from most locations. Two species were identified that have not been reported previously from cassava. These were the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, identified from two locations in Ghana and Nigeria, and T. ricini (Misra) identified from a single site in the Lake Victoria zone of Tanzania. Whilst the occurrence of late instar nymphs of these two species does suggest
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 68 and 69: Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
Page 74 and 75: Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
Page 76 and 77: Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
Page 78 and 79: Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
Page 80 and 81: Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
Page 82 and 83: Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
Page 84 and 85: Malawi Increased Biological Underst
Page 86 and 87: Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
Page 88 and 89: Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
Page 90 and 91: Madagascar surprising, particularly
Page 92 and 93: Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
Page 98 and 99: Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
Page 104 and 105: Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
Page 106 and 107: Factors Associated with Damage Mean
Page 108 and 109: Factors Associated with Damage % SP
Page 110 and 111: Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Page 116 and 117: Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
Page 118 and 119: Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
Page 120 and 121: Conclusions and Recommendations com
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions and Recommendations con
Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 132 and 133: Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
Page 136 and 137: Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
Page 138 and 139: Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
Page 140 and 141: Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
Page 142 and 143: Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
Page 144 and 145: Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
Page 146 and 147: Kenya Increased Biological Understa
Page 148 and 149: Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
Page 150 and 151: Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
Page 152 and 153: Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
Page 154 and 155: Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 156 and 157: Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
Page 158 and 159: Tanzania The reproductive host plan
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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