Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Introduction Sub-project on Whiteflies as Vectors of Viruses of Cassava and Sweetpotato in Sub-Saharan Africa Within the framework of the Tropical Whitefly Integrated Pest Management (TWF-IPM) Project, the purpose of the diagnostic phase of the sub-project was to gather, generate and analyse baseline data relevant to the diagnosis and characterization of whitefly problems and whitefly-transmitted virus problems in cassava and sweetpotato. The rationale behind the diagnostic phase was therefore to provide essential baseline information on CMD, SPVD and whiteflies on cassava and sweetpotato, to serve as the basis for the development and implementation of targeted and appropriate IPM strategies in subsequent phases of the project. The sub-project involved collaboration among three international agricultural research centres, one national agricultural research organization in each of nine African countries, and three other research institutions outside Africa (Table 2). The inclusion of nine countries at this stage of the project and the use of a standardized protocol provided a unique opportunity to obtain data that could be compared from country to country and region to region. The scope of the study also facilitated the first systematic collection and characterization of whitefly-transmitted viruses, whitefly and whitefly natural enemy specimens from cassava and sweetpotato in sub-Saharan Africa. Collaboration and selection of target areas Countries were identified for participation in the sub-project primarily on the basis of the importance of cassava and/or sweetpotato cultivation to their farmers, although security concerns precluded the participation of some of the major producers of each crop. The nine African countries that were extensively surveyed—Ghana, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Uganda, Tanzania, Kenya, Malawi and Madagascar— together represented 62% of cassava and 56% of sweetpotato production in Africa (FAO, 1999). Zambia was involved in the project only to a limited extent, implementing a sweetpotato virus diagnostic survey in collaboration with the Natural Resources Institute, UK. Sweetpotato work was carried out only in eastern and southern Africa, because the crop is not grown widely in West Africa. Table 2 summarizes the roles of each of the partners involved in the diagnostic phase. Implementation of the work plan, results and analysis Diagnostic surveys were conducted according to protocols set out in the standardized methodology agreed among the project partners. In each country, three or four target areas were identified for the survey. The criteria for selection of these areas were that they should be major root cropproducing zones and preferably should have contrasting agro-ecological characteristics. In each ecozone, the sites were selected at about 20-km intervals along roads. Where no cassava farms were encountered at the 20-km point, the next suitable site thereafter was selected. Field data and biological specimens were collected from 3-6 month-old cassava plantings on surveyed farms and producers were interviewed using the standardized project questionnaires. Between 10 and 42 locations were used for sampling in each target area, and at each location a single set of samples and data was collected. The data set comprised: (1) a producer questionnaire relating to perceptions 19
20 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Table 2. Partners involved in the diagnostic phase of the sub-project on Whiteflies as Vectors of Viruses of Cassava and Sweetpotato in sub-Saharan Africa and their roles. Institution Country Role a International agricultural research centres: International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Uganda/Benin Co-ordination Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP) Uganda SPVD epidemiology International Centre of Insect Physiology and Kenya Whitefly and natural Ecology (ICIPE) enemy species identification National agricultural research organizations/institutes: Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD) Ghana Diagnostic survey Institut National de Recherche Agronomique du Bénin (INRAB) Benin Diagnostic survey National Root Crops Research Institute (NRCRI) Nigeria Diagnostic survey Institut de Recherche Agronomique (IRA) Cameroon Diagnostic survey National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) Uganda Diagnostic survey Tanzania Root and Tuber Crops Programme (TRTCP) Tanzania Diagnostic survey Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Kenya Diagnostic survey Chitedze Research Station (CRS) Centre National de Recherche Appliquée au Malawi Diagnostic survey Développement Rural (FOFIFA) Madagascar Diagnostic survey Mount Makulu Research Station Zambia Diagnostic survey (SPVD only) Specialized research organizations: Natural Resources Institute (NRI) United Kingdom Epidemiology of CMD and SPVD Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land und Germany Sweetpotato virus Fortwirtschaft (BBA) diagnostics John Innes Centre (JIC) United Kingdom Molecular diagnostics of cassava viruses and whiteflies a. CMD, cassava mosaic disease; SPVD, sweetpotato virus disease. and management of whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted virus problems; (2) biological samples of whiteflies, virus-diseased leaf and stem tissues, and whitefly natural enemies; and (3) field assessments of disease incidence, virus symptoms and whitefly abundance. Before carrying out the survey, lead scientists in each country were trained in survey methods. Surveys were conducted between November 1997 and September 1998. The results are reported in the subsequent country chapters in this section. Data from the producer questionnaires for all countries were entered into a single database from which they could be summarized and queried. Field data from all countries were summarized and integrated to develop maps (Chapter 1.14, this volume). Studies conducted in partnership with research institutions outside Africa were initiated in early 1998 and completed by mid-1999; results are reported later in this section (Chapters 1.11, 1.12 and 1.13) or in Section 5 (Chapter 5.3).
Page 2 and 3: About the Partners CIAT The Interna
Page 4 and 5: Centro Internacional de Agricultura
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
Page 8 and 9: Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
Page 10 and 11: Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
Page 12 and 13: Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
Page 14 and 15: Foreword This book is the product o
Page 16 and 17: Introduction Introduction The Probl
Page 18 and 19: Introduction In addition to the yie
Page 20 and 21: Introduction in pesticide use in La
Page 22 and 23: Introduction annual crops, especial
Page 24 and 25: Introduction Plant Resistance contr
Page 26 and 27: Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
Page 28 and 29: SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
Page 30 and 31: Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
Page 32 and 33: Introduction diseases than is cassa
Page 36 and 37: Introduction References Aritua, V.;
Page 38 and 39: Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
Page 40 and 41: Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
Page 42 and 43: Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
Page 44 and 45: Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
Page 46 and 47: Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
Page 48 and 49: Benin or disease problem, the main
Page 50 and 51: Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
Page 52 and 53: Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
Page 54 and 55: Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
Page 56 and 57: Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
Page 58 and 59: Cameroon Farmers undertook various
Page 60 and 61: Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 68 and 69: Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
Page 74 and 75: Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
Page 76 and 77: Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
Page 78 and 79: Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
Page 80 and 81: Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
Page 82 and 83: Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127:
Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131:
Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Page 190 and 191:
Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193:
Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Page 308 and 309:
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
Page 320 and 321:
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Biological Control of Whiteflies by
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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