Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Mozambique Mahajanga Antananarivo Fianarantsoa Toliara Figure 1. Cassava- and sweetpotato-growing areas surveyed for whitefly incidence in Madagascar. Increased Biological Understanding Whitefly species and abundance Two whitefly species, B. tabaci and B. afer (Priesner and Hosny) were identified on both cassava and sweetpotato. Of 415 whitefly samples collected on the two crops, 118 were B. tabaci and 297 were B. afer. Adult whitefly populations on cassava were greatest in the Antananarivo survey area and lowest in Mahajanga (Table 1, see also Figure 3 in Chapter 1.14, this volume). Whiteflies were very scarce on sweetpotato. Disease incidence and symptom severity The highest disease incidence (71%) was recorded in Fianarantsoa, while the lowest (31%) was recorded in Antananarivo (Table 1). The planting of infected cuttings was much more important than whitefly transmission as a source of infection and comprised 86% of total infection. CMD symptom severity was relatively mild in Antananarivo but was severe elsewhere. SPVD was of very low incidence or absent, except in the Toliara survey area, where an incidence of 18% was recorded. SPVD symptoms were severe in Antananarivo but very mild where the disease occurred elsewhere. Increased Socio-Economic Understanding Farmers’ assessment of whitefly-related problems Thirteen percent of cassava farmers but only 3% of sweetpotato farmers recognized whiteflies. Scarcely any of these farmers considered whiteflies to be a problem on either crop. Almost one fifth (19%) of cassava farmers were able to recognize CMD as a disease of cassava and gave the disease a range of local names, whereas no sweetpotato farmers recognized SPVD. Only 6% of cassava farmers considered CMD as a production constraint to cassava. They noted that the disease occurs yearly and that it was becoming more severe. Climate affects CMD and SPVD incidence according to 30% of cassava farmers and 5% of sweetpotato farmers. In particular, 19% of cassava farmers noted that disease is more severe during periods of little rain and high temperature but sweetpotato farmers did not report this effect. None of the farmers could estimate the level of yield loss attributable to either disease. The lack of recognition of CMD, first as a disease and second as a constraint to production, is 73
74 Table 1. Incidence of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD), disease severity and whitefly abundance on cassava and on sweetpotato in selected regions of Madagascar, 1998. Province Cassava a Sweetpotato a No. Whitefly CMD No. Whitefly SPVD fields counts Whitefly Cutting Total Severity fields counts Incidence Severity infection infection incidence Antananarivo 35 7.1 5.6 (7.8) 25.5 31.0 2.6 11 0.01 2.6 3.3 Fianarantsoa 22 4.3 7.1 (21.9) 63.9 71.0 3.5 15 0 2.4 2.0 Toliara 12 5.9 6.4 (11.2) 39.7 46.0 3.2 7 0.10 17.6 2.3 Mahajanga 42 2.5 6.9 (11.0) 34.0 41.0 3.3 6 0 0 - Mean 5.0 6.5 (11.6) 40.8 47.3 3.1 - 0.03 5.7 2.5 a. Figures are means for each province. Whitefly counts, whitefly abundance on cassava (number of whiteflies per top five leaves) and on sweetpotato (per minute count); whitefly infection, figures in parentheses transformed to multiple infection units to allow for multiple infection (Gregory, P. H. 1948. The multiple infection transformation. Ann. Appl. Biol. 35:412-417); severity of disease measured on an ascending 1-5 scale, from low to severe. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
Page 38 and 39: Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
Page 40 and 41: Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Page 46 and 47: Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Page 50 and 51: Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
Page 52 and 53: Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
Page 54 and 55: Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
Page 56 and 57: Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
Page 58 and 59: Cameroon Farmers undertook various
Page 60 and 61: Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 68 and 69: Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
Page 74 and 75: Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
Page 76 and 77: Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
Page 78 and 79: Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
Page 80 and 81: Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
Page 82 and 83: Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
Page 84 and 85: Malawi Increased Biological Underst
Page 86 and 87: Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
Page 90 and 91: Madagascar surprising, particularly
Page 92 and 93: Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
Page 98 and 99: Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
Page 104 and 105: Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
Page 106 and 107: Factors Associated with Damage Mean
Page 108 and 109: Factors Associated with Damage % SP
Page 110 and 111: Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Page 114 and 115: Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Page 118 and 119: Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 132 and 133: Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
Page 136 and 137: Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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