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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Properties and geographical variation of geminivirus isolates from mosaicaffected cassava. In: African cassava mosaic disease and its control. Procs. International Seminar, 4-8 May 1987, Yamoussoukro, CI. Centre Technique de Coopération Agricole et Rurale, Wageningen, NL, and Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération, Paris, FR. p. 270. Jameson, J. D. 1964. Cassava mosaic disease in Uganda. East Afr. Agric. For. J. 29:208-213. Legg, J. P. 1995. The ecology of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), vector of African cassava mosaic geminivirus in Uganda. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading, GB. Legg, J. P.; Ogwal, S. 1998. Changes in the incidence of African cassava mosaic geminivirus and the abundance of its whitefly vector along south-north transects in Uganda. J. Appl. Entomol. 122: 169-178. Martin, E. F. 1928. Report of the mycologist. In: Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture. Government Printer, Entebbe, UG. p. 31. Otim-Nape, G. W. 1988. Cassava situation in Luwero district. A mission report by the Uganda Root Crops Programme. Namulonge Research Station, Kampala, UG. Otim-Nape, G. W. 1993. Epidemiology of the African cassava mosaic geminivirus disease (ACMD) in Uganda. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading, GB. Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua, A.; Thresh, J. M.; Baguma, Y.; Ogwal, S.; Semakula, G. N.; Acola, G.; Byabakama, B.; Martin, A. 1997. Cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda: The current pandemic and approaches to control. Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham, GB. 65 p. Thresh, J. M.; Fishpool, L. D. C.; Otim- Nape, G. W.; Fargette, D. 1994. African cassava mosaic virus disease: An under-estimated and unsolved problem. Trop. Sci. 34:3-14. 53
CHAPTER 1.7 54 Kenya Introduction Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is caused by cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs), which are transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Further spread may occur through farmers distributing and planting virus-infected cuttings (Harrison, 1987). The disease causes higher production losses than any other virus disease of cassava in Kenya (Bock, 1994b). Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) results from co-infection of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) by two distinct viruses: Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus, transmitted by B. tabaci, and Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus, transmitted by the aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Gibson et al., 1998). Although SPVD is the most prevalent viral disease of sweetpotato in farmers’ fields in Kenya (Carey et al., 1998), its effects on growth and yield have yet to be quantified. The early history of CMD in Kenya is obscure but work on cassava under the East African breeding programme in the mid-1950s is described by Doughty * Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI), National Dryland Farm Research Center, Katumani, Kenya. ** International Institute of Tropical Agriculture-Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Center (IITA-ESARC), Kampala, Uganda. *** Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Joseph Kamau*, Peter Sseruwagi** and Valente Aritua*** (1958) and resulted in the release of CMD-resistant hybrids to research stations in the country. However, farmers did not replace their local traditional Kenyan cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) with this improved germplasm, except for 46106/27 “Kaleso”, which became widely grown in Coast Province (Bock, 1994b). Research on CMD and its whitefly vector only became important in Kenya during the 1970s, when a major plant virology project was initiated. The work of this project initially emphasized the isolation of the putative Cassava mosaic virus (Bock, 1975), which was later shown to cause CMD (Bock and Woods, 1983). Subsequent epidemiological work by Bock (1983) noted that the incidence of CMD was generally high in coastal and western Kenya, where it exceeded 80% in some districts and approached 100% on individual farms but the spread of disease into initially CMD-free plantings was generally slow. Additional studies associated with this project were the description of the population dynamics of B. tabaci (Seif, 1982; Robertson, 1987), assessments of yield loss (Seif, 1981) and the development of control methods (Bock, 1994a). During the 1990s, a series of surveys conducted to reassess the incidence of the disease in the country indicated increased spread and incidence of CMD in farmers’ fields.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Page 22 and 23: Introduction annual crops, especial
Page 24 and 25: Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Page 30 and 31: Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Page 34 and 35: Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
Page 36 and 37: Introduction References Aritua, V.;
Page 38 and 39: Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
Page 40 and 41: Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Page 44 and 45: Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
Page 46 and 47: Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
Page 48 and 49: Benin or disease problem, the main
Page 50 and 51: Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
Page 52 and 53: Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
Page 54 and 55: Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
Page 56 and 57: Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
Page 58 and 59: Cameroon Farmers undertook various
Page 60 and 61: Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
Page 74 and 75: Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
Page 76 and 77: Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
Page 78 and 79: Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Page 82 and 83: Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
Page 84 and 85: Malawi Increased Biological Underst
Page 86 and 87: Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
Page 88 and 89: Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
Page 90 and 91: Madagascar surprising, particularly
Page 92 and 93: Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
Page 98 and 99: Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
Page 104 and 105: Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
Page 106 and 107: Factors Associated with Damage Mean
Page 108 and 109: Factors Associated with Damage % SP
Page 110 and 111: Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Page 114 and 115: Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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