Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

Parasitoids from four genera,
Encarsia and Eretmocerus
(Aphelinidae), Amitus (Platygastridae)
and Metaphycus (Encyrtidae) were
collected. These collections have been
sent to taxonomists and species
identifications are pending. Therefore,
in this report, they are referred to only
by genera.
Encarsia was collected in all the
departments except Risaralda (where
only two sites were surveyed) but
Amitus presented the highest
populations, especially in Valle del
Cauca and Caldas (Figure 6). This
corresponded to the two departments
with the highest whitefly populations.
Eretmocerus was the predominant
species in Córdoba. Parasitoid
populations were highest in Valle del
Cauca and lowest in Risaralda and
Quindío. Only one specimen of
Metaphycus was collected across the
sites.
Parasitoids/40 plugs
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
320
0
Atlántico
Caldas
Córdoba
Quindío
Risaralda
Amitus Encarsia Eretmocerus
Metaphycus Signiphora
Valle
Figure 6. Whitefly parasitoids collected from
several crops in the departments of
Atlántico, Córdoba, Caldas, Quindío,
Risaralda and Valle del Cauca,
Colombia.
Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics
Encarsia parasites were collected
from all the plant hosts sampled and
had the overall highest densities among
all collected parasitoids (Figure 7).
Amitus, although not collected from all
hosts, also presented high populations,
especially on common bean and snap
bean. Eretmocerus was associated
almost exclusively with cotton (only one
individual was collected from tomato).
Parasitoids/40 plugs
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Cotton
Eggplant
Common
bean
Snap
bean
Cucumber
Encarsia sp. Eretmocerus Amitus
Metaphycus Signiphora
Tomato
Figure 7. Whitefly parasitoid frequency
collected from several crops in the
departments of Atlántico, Córdoba,
Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda and
Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
Encarsia and Eretmocerus were
collected from both whitefly species
(Figure 8), while Amitus was collected
only on T. vaporariorum and
Metaphycus and Signiphora were
collected only from B. tabaci.
During surveys, data on pesticide
applications were recorded during
farmer interviews. In general,
parasitoid populations were higher in
fields where pesticides were not
applied, regardless of the whitefly
species. Results show that populations
of Encarsia are less affected by
pesticide applications than populations