Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Introduction Plant Resistance contributed to Output 2 (characterization) and Output 4 (IPM) activities in Sub-project 6. USDA-ARS signed a Scientific Cooperative Agreement to link the ARS national research on whitefly IPM research with the international effort. This agreement on Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Whitefly-transmitted Viruses supported Output 1 (network formation) and preliminary Output 3 (disease dynamics) research activities on epidemiology of whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses. The CMD epidemic in eastern Africa was of particular concern to the TWF-IPM Project for humanitarian reasons. The USAID Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) granted special funding for the Emergency Programme to Combat the Cassava Mosaic Disease Pandemic in East Africa. The objective of this disaster assistance is to boost production of cassava in Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania and enhance both short- and longer-term food security through the implementation of an emergency program to multiply and disseminate CMD-resistant cassava (Output 4 activities). And DFID funded the project on Promotion of and Technical Support for Methods of Controlling Whiteflyborne Viruses in Sweet Potato in East Africa; sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) served as the principal food security crop in the midst of the CMD epidemic. Whiteflies and Whitefly-Borne Viruses in the Tropics: Building a Knowledge Base for Global Action reports the results from Phase 1 of the CGIAR TWF-IPM Project. The purpose of Output 2 (problem characterization) was to gather, review, generate and analyse baseline data relevant to the diagnosis and characterization of whitefly and WTV problems in the tropics, in order to propose a sound research agenda for improved understanding of pest and disease dynamics, IPM development and IPM implementation. Several of the project coordinators have published review articles (Polston and Anderson, 1997; Legg, 1999; Morales, 2000; Bellotti and Arias, 2001; Morales, 2001; Morales and Anderson, 2001; Morales and Jones, 2004). Baseline data were generated through extensive survey work in each of the participating tropical countries. Surveys included the collection and identification of biological specimens (whitefly species, whitefly biotypes, geminiviruses, and B. tabaci natural enemies) and collection and analysis of socioeconomic data and IPM practices, based on producer interviews. All partners have presented preliminary results of the extensive survey work and IPM measures in international, regional and national meetings. This book is the first presentation of detailed results generated by the Phase 1 projects contributing to the CGIAR TWF-IPM Project. For further information on specific methodologies used to produce the results published in this book, please contact the information and communication assistant of the project (www.tropicalwhiteflyipmproject.cgiar.org). References Bellotti, A. C.; Arias, B. 2001. Host plant resistance to whiteflies with emphasis on cassava as a case study. Crop Prot. 20:813-823. Bellotti, A. C.; Cardona, C.; Lapointe, S. L. 1990. Trends in pesticide use in Colombia and Brazil. J. Agric. Entomol. 7:191-201. Bouma, J.; Kuyvenhoven, A.; Bouman, B. A. M.; Luyten, J. C. (eds.). 1995. Eco-regional approaches for sustainable land use and food production. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, NL. 9
CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical). 1994. Annual report. CIAT-Bean Program, Cali, CO. p. 171-179. Costa, A. S. 1965. Three whiteflytransmitted virus diseases of beans in São Paulo, Brazil. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 13:121-130. Fauquet, C.; Fargette, D. 1990. African cassava mosaic virus: Etiology, epidemiology and control. Plant Dis. 74:404-411. Gálvez, G.; Morales, F. J. 1989. Whiteflytransmitted viruses. In: Schwartz, H. F.; Pastor-Corrales, M. A. (eds.). Bean production problems in the tropics. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, CO. p. 379-406. Hong, Y. G.; Robinson, D. J.; Harrison, B. D. 1993. Nucleotide sequence evidence for the occurrence of three distinct whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in cassava. J. Gen. Virol. 74:2437-2443. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute). 1995. A 2020 vision for food, agriculture, and the environment. International Conference, 13-15 June 1995, Washington, DC. 145 p. IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture). 1988. Strategic plan 1989-2000. Ibadan, NG. KARI-GTZ (Kenya Agricultural Research Institute - German Agency for Technical Cooperation). 1994. Crop protection measures of Kenyan vegetable farmers and their use of pesticides, knowledge, attitude and practice survey. GTZ-Integrated Pest Management Horticulture Project Report, Nairobi, KE. 45 p. Legg, J. 1999. Emergence, spread and strategies for controlling the pandemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in east and central Africa. Crop Prot. 18:627-637. 10 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Morales, F. J. 1992. Annual progress report (1992) and five-year report (1988-1992). International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, CO. Morales, F. J. (ed.). 1994. Bean golden mosaic: Research advances. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, CO. 193 p. Morales, F. J. (ed.). 2000. Bean golden mosaic virus and other diseases of common bean caused by whiteflytransmitted geminiviruses in Latin America. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, CO. 169 p. Morales, F. J. 2001. Conventional breeding for resistance to Bemisiatransmitted geminiviruses. Crop Prot. 20:825-834. Morales, F. J.; Anderson, P. K. 2001. The emergence and dissemination of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in Latin America. Arch. Virol. 146(3):415-441. Morales, F. J.; Jones, P. G. 2004. The ecology and epidemiology of whitefly-transmitted viruses in Latin America. Virus Res. 100: 57-65. Morales, F. J.; Niessen, A. I. 1988. Comparative responses of selected Phaseolus vulgaris germplasm inoculated artificially and naturally with Bean golden mosaic virus. Plant Dis. 72:1020-1023. Mound, L. A.; Halsey, S. H. 1978. Whitefly of the world: A systematic catalogue of the Aleyrodidae (Homoptera) with host plant and natural enemy data. John Wiley, Chichester, GB. 340 p. Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua, A.; Thresh, J. M.; Baguma, Y.; Ogwal, S.; Semakula, G. N.; Acola, G.; Byabakama, B.; Martin, A. 1997. Cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda: The current pandemic and approaches to control. Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham, GB. 65 p.
Page 2 and 3: About the Partners CIAT The Interna
Page 4 and 5: Centro Internacional de Agricultura
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
Page 8 and 9: Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
Page 10 and 11: Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
Page 12 and 13: Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
Page 14 and 15: Foreword This book is the product o
Page 16 and 17: Introduction Introduction The Probl
Page 18 and 19: Introduction In addition to the yie
Page 20 and 21: Introduction in pesticide use in La
Page 22 and 23: Introduction annual crops, especial
Page 26 and 27: Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
Page 28 and 29: SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
Page 30 and 31: Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
Page 32 and 33: Introduction diseases than is cassa
Page 34 and 35: Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
Page 36 and 37: Introduction References Aritua, V.;
Page 38 and 39: Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
Page 40 and 41: Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
Page 42 and 43: Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
Page 44 and 45: Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
Page 46 and 47: Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
Page 48 and 49: Benin or disease problem, the main
Page 50 and 51: Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
Page 52 and 53: Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
Page 54 and 55: Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
Page 56 and 57: Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
Page 58 and 59: Cameroon Farmers undertook various
Page 60 and 61: Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 68 and 69: Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Page 308 and 309:
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Page 312 and 313:
Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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