Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987. The role of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in the epidemiology of ACMV in East Africa: Biology, population dynamics and interaction with cassava varieties. In: African cassava mosaic disease and its control, Procs. International Seminar, 4-8 May 1987, Yamoussoukro, CI. Centre Technique de Coopération Agricole et Rurale, Wageningen, NL, and Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération, Paris, FR. p. 57-63. Thresh, J. M.; Fishpool, L. D. C.; Otim- Nape, G. W.; Fargette, D. 1994. African cassava mosaic virus disease: An under-estimated and unsolved problem. Trop. Sci. 34:3-14. 45
CHAPTER 1.6 46 Uganda Introduction Cassava mosaic disease (CMD) is the most important viral disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) (Otim-Nape, 1993) in Uganda. It is caused by begomoviruses transmitted by the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and spread through virus-infected planting material (Harrison, 1987). The first recording of CMD in Uganda was in 1928 (Martin, 1928). Severe epidemics from 1933 to 1944 were successfully controlled by planting resistant cassava varieties and through phytosanitation measures enforced by local government statute (Jameson, 1964). The disease then was considered a relatively minor problem until the late 1980s, when severe epidemics were again reported in northern Luwero District (Otim-Nape, 1988). By 1990, CMD had severely affected other cassava-growing districts of northern and eastern Uganda (Otim- Nape et al., 1997). In 1993 and 1994, the widespread crop losses associated * International Institute of Tropical Agriculture-Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Center (IITA-ESARC), Kampala, Uganda. ** IITA-ESARC, Kampala, Uganda, and Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent, UK. *** Namulonge Agricultural and Animal Production Research Institute (NAARI), Kampala, Uganda. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Peter Sseruwagi*, James Legg** and William Otim-Nape*** with the CMD epidemic, coupled with drought, led to food shortages and localized famine (Otim-Nape et al., 1997). Between 1994 and 1998, the CMD epidemic continued to expand, affecting much of southern Uganda. Significant progress has been made in controlling the disease, particularly in north-eastern parts of the country, which were some of the first to be affected (Thresh et al., 1994) but the epidemic continues to spread in southern and western districts. The principal control method has been the deployment of resistant varieties. Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) is correspondingly the most serious viral disease of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) in Uganda (Bashaasha et al., 1995), although its distribution and impact on sweetpotato production have scarcely been studied until recently. Aritua et al. (1998) provide information on the disease for only two of the country’s (at that time) 45 districts, Mpigi and Soroti (Figure 1). SPVD results from co-infection of Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus, transmitted by B. tabaci and Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus, transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Gibson et al., 1998). In order to enhance understanding of whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted viruses on cassava and sweetpotato in Uganda, surveys were conducted
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
Page 10 and 11: Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Page 14 and 15: Foreword This book is the product o
Page 16 and 17: Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Page 20 and 21: Introduction in pesticide use in La
Page 22 and 23: Introduction annual crops, especial
Page 24 and 25: Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Page 30 and 31: Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
Page 32 and 33: Introduction diseases than is cassa
Page 34 and 35: Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
Page 36 and 37: Introduction References Aritua, V.;
Page 38 and 39: Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
Page 40 and 41: Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Page 44 and 45: Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
Page 46 and 47: Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
Page 48 and 49: Benin or disease problem, the main
Page 50 and 51: Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
Page 52 and 53: Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
Page 54 and 55: Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
Page 56 and 57: Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
Page 58 and 59: Cameroon Farmers undertook various
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 68 and 69: Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
Page 74 and 75: Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
Page 76 and 77: Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
Page 78 and 79: Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Page 82 and 83: Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
Page 84 and 85: Malawi Increased Biological Underst
Page 86 and 87: Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
Page 88 and 89: Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
Page 90 and 91: Madagascar surprising, particularly
Page 92 and 93: Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
Page 98 and 99: Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
Page 104 and 105: Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
Page 106 and 107: Factors Associated with Damage Mean
Page 108 and 109: Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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