Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Introduction control, due to resistance (Cardona, 1995). Research showed that simple sanitation measures such as leaf roguing and destruction of crop residues reduced overall whitefly infestation levels if implemented on a community-wide basis. In addition, selective use of granular insecticides delayed the need for the first foliar insecticide application, enhancing natural enemy activity. A relatively simple IPM package based on cultural control and sanitation practices, timely application of effective insecticides and reliance on natural biological control resulted in a 66% reduction in insecticide use (Cardona, 1995). Farmers’ participation in the overall process was essential for widespread adoption of the system proposed. However, it was concluded that, before continuing with IPM training and scaling up, it was necessary to verify that patterns of T. vaporariorum distribution, reproductive hosts plants, perceptions of the problem and insecticide use were similar throughout the Andean region. B. tabaci also has been documented as a pest of several crops in Colombia (Posada, 1976; Bolaño, 1997) and Ecuador (Merino and Vásquez, 1962). Except for sporadic outbreaks on cotton in Colombia (Alcaraz et al., 1990), this insect was generally regarded as a secondary pest until 1993 when serious outbreaks occurred in the western provinces of Manabí, Guayas, and Los Ríos in Ecuador. Mendoza et al. (1995) estimated that vegetable growers in the Guayas region lost US$400,000 per year as a result of whitefly attacks. Up to 10,000 ha of soybean were destroyed in the Guayas and Los Ríos provinces (Mendoza, 1996). Similar outbreaks occurred in 1996 in the north-western Departments of Sucre, Córdoba and Atlántico in Colombia (Quintero et al., 2001). The change in B. tabaci’s pest status was attributed to the introduction into the region of the B biotype (Quijije et al., 1995), which was first detected in Colombia in 1997 (Quintero et al., 1998). A New Foundation for Whitefly IPM in the Andes In view of the increasing importance of whiteflies in the Andean highlands, the launching in 1997 of a new project for “sustainable integrated management of whiteflies as pests and vectors of plant viruses in the tropics” by the Systemwide Programme on Integrated Pest Management was especially timely. A sub-project was established, under the co-ordination of the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), to look specifically at “Whiteflies as pests in the tropical highlands of Latin America”. The purpose of the diagnostic phase of this sub-project (and of others addressing different whitefly problems around the world) was to provide a sound basis for future IPM efforts by gathering and analysing baseline data and so being able to characterize properly the nature of major whitefly problems. Specifically, in the Andean highlands, there was a need to describe the patterns of distribution of T. vaporariorum and B. tabaci, especially in relation to altitude, as well as the distribution of the newly introduced B biotype of B. tabaci. Information on the range of reproductive host plants and identification of natural enemies was also desired. Additional socio-economic information on crop losses, farmers’ perception of the problems and patterns of insecticide use, as well as biological assessment of levels of insecticide resistance, were needed as a foundation for moving forward to more widespread adoption of IPM. 271
Surveys were conducted between October 1997 and December 1998 in whitefly-affected areas of Colombia and Ecuador while insecticide resistance testing continued through May 1999. The research was carried out in close collaboration among staff of CIAT and partner organizations, the Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP) in Ecuador and the Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (CORPOICA) in Colombia. The methods used and the results of the work are reported in the following two chapters. 272 References Alcaraz, H.; Cardona, C.; Revelo, F.; Revelo, R.; Herrera, M.; Alvarez, A.; Siabato. A. 1990. Plagas secundarias o de incidencia ocasional. In: Bases técnicas para el cultivo del algodón en Colombia. Cuarta edición. Federación Nacional de Algodoneros, Bogotá, CO. p. 519-524. Bolaño, R. E. 1997. Determinación de niveles de daño económico de Bemisia tabaci en tomate en el norte del Cesar, Colombia. MIP 46:26-33. Caballero, R. 1992. Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) from Central America and Colombia including slide-mounted pupal and field keys for identification, field characteristics, hosts, distribution, natural enemies, and economic importance. M.Sc. thesis, Kansas State University, USA. 201 p. Cardona, C. 1995. Manejo de Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) en frijol en la zona Andina: Aspectos técnicos, actitudes del agricultor y transferencia de tecnología. Memoria IV Taller Latinoamericano sobre moscas blancas y geminivirus, 16-18 octubre 1995, Zamorano, HN. CEIBA 36(1):53-64. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Cardona, C.; Rodríguez, A.; Prada, P. C. 1993. Umbral de acción para el control de la mosca blanca de los invernaderos, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), en habichuela. Rev. Colomb. Entomol. 19(1):27-33. Díaz, M. C.; Pulgarín, J. M.; Saldarriaga, A. V. 1990. Relaciones insectopatógeno en el problema del amarillamiento de las venas de la papa. Rev. Colomb. Entomol. 16(2):3-14. Duffus, J. E. 1987. Whitefly transmission of plant viruses. Curr. Topics Vector Res. 4:73-94. Duffus, J. E. 1996. Whitefly-borne viruses. In: Gerling, D.; Mayer, R.T. (eds.). Bemisia: 1995. Taxonomy, biology, damage, control and management. Intercept, Andover, GB. p. 252-263. Mendoza, J. 1996. Qué está pasando con la mosca blanca en el Ecuador? Rev. INIAP 8:8-10. Mendoza, J.; Valarezo, O.; de López, M. A.; Quijije, R.; Cañarte, E.; Alcaraz, V. 1995. Reporte de Ecuador. Memoria IV Taller Latinoamericano sobre moscas blancas y geminivirus, 16-18 octubre 1995, Zamorano, HN. CEIBA 36(1):13-15. Merino, G.; Vásquez, V. 1962. Identificación de algunas de las nuevas especies de insectos coleccionadas en Ecuador. Bol. Técnico no. 7, Dirección General de Agricultura y Servicio Cooperativo Interamericano de Agricultura, Quito, EC. 35 p. Metcalf, R. L. 1994. Insecticides in pest management. In: Metcalf, R. L.; Luckmann, W. H. (eds.). Introduction to insect pest management. 3 rd edition. John Wiley, NY, USA. p. 245-284.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Page 238 and 239: Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
Page 240 and 241: Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
Page 242 and 243: Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Page 246 and 247: Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
Page 248 and 249: Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Page 252 and 253: Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
Page 254 and 255: Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
Page 256 and 257: Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
Page 258 and 259: Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
Page 266 and 267: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
Page 268 and 269: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Page 272 and 273: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Page 278 and 279: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Page 282 and 283: SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
Page 284 and 285: Introduction CHAPTER 4.1 Introducti
Page 288 and 289: Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
Page 290 and 291: Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
Page 292 and 293: Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
Page 294 and 295: Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
Page 296 and 297: Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
Page 298 and 299: Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
Page 300 and 301: Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
Page 310 and 311: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 312 and 313: Conclusions and Recommendations res
Page 314 and 315: Conclusions and Recommendations rot
Page 316 and 317: SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
Page 318 and 319: Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
Page 328 and 329: Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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