Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Tanzania The reproductive host plants of whiteflies identified from the surveys in Tanzania belong to the following families: Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Commelinaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Leguminosae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae. Table 2 gives the scientific names of the host plant species on which each whitefly species was found to be reproducing. Whiteflies were abundant on common bean but no whiteflytransmitted disease symptoms were observed. ToLCV symptoms were observed in Achyranthes aspera L., Euphorbia heterophylla L. and Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Nono-Womdim et al. (1996) identified TYLCV, the causative virus in these hosts. These non-cultivated host plants are widespread in the country and may serve as major reservoirs of TYLCV. Disease incidence and symptom severity Areas identified as “hot spots” for ToLCV incidence in Tanzania include Morogoro, Dodoma, Kilimanjaro (especially Same) and Arusha (Figure 1). Fifteen percent of the surveyed farms had 100% ToLCV incidence in their tomato crop. It should be highlighted that all surveyed farms in Morogoro (Dakawa, Kariakoo, Kipela, Kibundi, Kiruka and Bigwa) had 100% TLC incidence. Up to 100% of the crop also were reported to be affected in Kilimanjaro (Marwa, Bangalala and Same) and Dodoma (Mbalala, Chikula and Mpwapwa). Nine percent of the surveyed farms had ToLCV incidences ranging from 70% to 99%. These were in Arusha (Baraa), Kilimanjaro (Mijongomeni, Kivulini and Mkolowoni) and Dodoma (Msolota). Ten percent of the surveyed farms had ToLCV incidences ranging from 50% to 69%, while 65% of the farms had incidences ranging from 1%-19%. The lowest incidences of ToLCV symptoms, 1%-2%, were observed in the southern part of Tanzania (Iringa, Mbeya, Tukuyu and Njombe) and in Zanzibar. There were no distinct ToLCV-free zones found within the surveyed areas of Tanzania. ToLCV incidence was highest during the summer months (hot season), from December to March. Yield loss due to ToLCV depends on the susceptibility of the tomato cultivar, the crop stage at the time of infection and environmental conditions (Nono-Womdim et al., 1999). Twenty-three tomato accessions, including progenies of crosses between Lycopersicon chilense Dunal LA 1969 and cultivated tomato, were fieldscreened for resistance to ToLCV by AVRDC (Nono-Womdin et al., 1999). Two commercial F 1 hybrids, Fiona and Tyking, had the highest level of resistance. Plants of these varieties were symptomless and they did not hybridize with Israel TYLCV-DNA probe. The varieties PSR-403511 and PSR-407111 were also resistant to ToLCV but hybridization tests showed that a few symptomless plants contained ToLCV DNA. The following progenies of crosses between L. chilense LA 1969 and L. esculentum had 30%-60% resistant plants: Chilytlc 94-1, 94-2, 94-4, 94-5, 94-6 and MultichilTLC. Tests on two commonly grown commercial tomato varieties, Moneymaker and Roma, showed 100% susceptibility. Natural enemy species Samples of whitefly parasitoids and predators were collected during the surveys. Preliminary identification of the sampled parasitoids showed that most were Encarsia sophia (Girault and Dodd), while Eretmocerus sp. was collected on only two occasions. A number of predators, coccinellids and predatory bugs were also collected in the vicinity of whitefly populations in the survey fields. 143
144 Table 2. Reproductive host plants of whitefly species encountered during surveys in Tanzania. Whitefly species Crops Non-cultivated hosts Family Species Family Species Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz Amaranthus sp. Leguminosae Desmodium sp. Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Bidens pilosa L. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Myrtaceae Psidium guajava L. Commelinaceae Commelina sp. Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L. Solanum tuberosum L. Leguminosae Tephrosia sp. Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. Bemisia afer (Priesner and Hosney) Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris L. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) Leguminosae Desmodium sp. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L. Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp Phaseolus vulgaris L. Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz Asteraceae Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Leguminosae Desmodium sp. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Bemisia hirta Bink-Moenen Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L Orchamoplatus citri (Takahashi) Plant unidentified Tetraleurodes andropogon (Dozier) Plant unidentified Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) Rutaceae Citrus spp.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Page 114 and 115: Conclusions and Recommendations col
Page 116 and 117: Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
Page 118 and 119: Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
Page 120 and 121: Conclusions and Recommendations com
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions and Recommendations con
Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 132 and 133: Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
Page 136 and 137: Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
Page 138 and 139: Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
Page 140 and 141: Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
Page 142 and 143: Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
Page 144 and 145: Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
Page 146 and 147: Kenya Increased Biological Understa
Page 148 and 149: Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
Page 150 and 151: Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
Page 152 and 153: Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
Page 154 and 155: Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 156 and 157: Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
Page 162 and 163: Tanzania Local names given to white
Page 164 and 165: Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
Page 166 and 167: Malawi levels of infestation by the
Page 168 and 169: Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
Page 170 and 171: Malawi (40%) believe that the white
Page 172 and 173: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
Page 184 and 185: Conclusions and Recommendations the
Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 196 and 197: Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
Page 204 and 205: Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
Page 206 and 207: Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction CHAPTER 4.1 Introducti
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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