Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.; Laterrot, H. 1990. Geographical distribution of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. A first survey using a specific DNA probe. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 29:1-6. Eveleens, K. G. 1983. Chemical insect control in the Sudan Gezira: Analysis of a crisis crop. Crop Prot. 2:273-287. GTZ (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit). 1995. Major pests of tomatoes in eastern and southern Africa: Compilation of past research work and identification of IPM opportunities. GTZ-Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Horticulture Project Report, Nairobi, KE. 32 p. Kirkpatrick, T. W. 1931. Further studies on leaf-curl of cotton in the Sudan. Bull. Entomol. Res. 22:323-363. Varela A. M.; Pekke, A. 1995. Proceedings of the Tomato Planning Workshop for Eastern and Southern Africa Region, 16-20 October 1995, Harare, ZW. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ)- Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Horticulture Project, Nairobi, KE. 32 p. Yassin, A. M.; Nour, M. A. 1965. Tomato leaf curl disease, its effects on yield and varietal susceptibility. Sudan Agric. J. 1:3-7. 117
CHAPTER 2.2 118 Sudan Introduction Geographical context Diagnostic surveys were conducted during 1997-99 following the methodology agreed among project partners, and covering Gezira, Butana, Dindir, Hasaheisa, Kamlin, Managil, Umulgra, White Nile, El Jabalain, Um Rawaba, Er Rahad, Dongola, Merewe, Gedaref and Nahr el Rahad in central, eastern, northern and western Sudan (Figure 1). Most of the surveyed sites are low lying (< 500 m above sea level). The climate is hot and dry for most of the year, with temperatures in summer reaching more than 40 °C and relative humidity less than 10%, and irrigation is commonly used. The driest of the survey areas are Dongola and Merewe in the Northern State. Gedaref region and some areas in Kordufan Province are at a somewhat higher altitude (> 500 m above sea level) and receive enough rainfall for rain-fed vegetable production. The emergence of Bemisia tabaci as a pest and virus vector The whitefly species Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is considered to be the * Plant Pathology Centre, Faculty of Agricultural Science, University of Gezira, Wad-Medani, Sudan. ** Agricultural Research Corporation, Wad-Medani, Sudan. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Gassim Dafalla* and Musa Ahmed** Berbetti Towns Surveyed areas Wadi Halpha Argo Al Khurtum Sudan Pibor Post Figure 1. Areas surveyed for whitefly incidence in the Sudan. economically most important crop pest in the Sudan (Eveleens, 1983; Ahmed et al., 1987). In addition to the direct damage this whitefly causes through feeding, it disseminates a number of viruses that affect fibre and vegetable crops grown in the country. Research on B. tabaci and whiteflytransmitted viruses (WTVs) in Sudan started in the late1920s, when recurrent outbreaks of Cotton leaf curl virus (CLCuV), transmitted by B. tabaci, threatened to end cultivation of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the Gezira (Kirkpatrick, 1931). Since then, a considerable research effort has been focused on B. tabaci and WTVs in
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
Page 82 and 83: Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
Page 84 and 85: Malawi Increased Biological Underst
Page 86 and 87: Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
Page 88 and 89: Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
Page 90 and 91: Madagascar surprising, particularly
Page 92 and 93: Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
Page 98 and 99: Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
Page 104 and 105: Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
Page 106 and 107: Factors Associated with Damage Mean
Page 108 and 109: Factors Associated with Damage % SP
Page 110 and 111: Factors Associated with Damage thro
Page 112 and 113: Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
Page 114 and 115: Conclusions and Recommendations col
Page 116 and 117: Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
Page 118 and 119: Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
Page 120 and 121: Conclusions and Recommendations com
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions and Recommendations con
Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
Page 136 and 137: Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
Page 138 and 139: Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
Page 140 and 141: Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
Page 142 and 143: Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
Page 144 and 145: Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
Page 146 and 147: Kenya Increased Biological Understa
Page 148 and 149: Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
Page 150 and 151: Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
Page 152 and 153: Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
Page 154 and 155: Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 156 and 157: Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
Page 158 and 159: Tanzania The reproductive host plan
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
Page 162 and 163: Tanzania Local names given to white
Page 164 and 165: Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
Page 166 and 167: Malawi levels of infestation by the
Page 168 and 169: Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
Page 170 and 171: Malawi (40%) believe that the white
Page 172 and 173: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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