Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Estelí Chinandega León Carazo Boaco Nicaragua Figure 1. The main agricultural regions affected by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses, Nicaragua. Bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV) was first observed affecting common bean in the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua, around 1971. BGYMV is particularly severe in Estelí, Nueva Segovia, León, Chinandega and the lowlands of Matagalpa (Llano et al., 1997). Large populations of B. tabaci have been reported on cotton in the Pacific Coast of Nicaragua since 1952, and from tomato in the Atlantic Coast as early as 1953 (Hidalgo et al., 1975). This whitefly species was the third most important pest problem in cotton in Nicaragua in the late 1970s (Kramer, 1966). The whitefly problem became so serious that, in 1975, Nicaragua created a special commission to study B. tabaci and make recommendations on research and whitefly management (Hildago et al., 1975). Mid-altitude valleys such as Sébaco (Matagalpa Department) witnessed the emergence of whitefly-transmitted viruses in 1986. By 1992, yield losses reached 100% in several tomato fields affected by what growers referred to as “crespo” (leaf curl). In 1991, large populations of whiteflies attacked common bean and melon (Cucumis melo L.) but only bean was affected by begomoviruses. Whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses also attacked pepper and tomato plantings in the Central Highlands. Tomato plantings were affected in the region of Boaco in 1991. The same year, B. tabaci attacked tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plantings in the departments of Nueva Segovia, Jinotega, Estelí, Chinandega, Masaya and Rivas. The melon industry in the departments of León, Rivas, Managua and Matagalpa was first affected by whiteflies in 1991 but the incidence of viruses was low (Sediles, 1998). Advances in Biological Research No records exist of serological identification of BGYMV in Nicaragua prior to 1995. In 1993, a few common bean and tomato samples were collected near the town of Santa Lucía in the Boaco Valley. The common bean samples were taken from plants showing dwarfing symptoms, rather than mosaic. These samples reacted positively with the broad spectrum monoclonal antibody that detects whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses in general (MAB-BS). The virus was later identified as Bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV) by nucleic acid hybridization methods (Zamora 1996). At that time, and from the same locality, samples collected from tomato plants affected by crespo disease also gave positive results in serological assays with the same monoclonal antibody. The crespo disease of tomato was first observed in Nicaragua in 1986. An in-depth investigation conducted in 2000 showed that tomato in Nicaragua is infected by at least four distinct begomoviruses (Rojas et al., 2000). In 1995, three BGYMV-affected common bean samples from the northwestern department of Estelí were tested 211
with the monoclonal antibody used to detect the original Middle American isolates of BGYMV-Guatemala (MAB- GA), available at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT). The three common bean samples reacted with the MAB-BS but only one common bean sample was recognized by the specific MAB-GA. A survey in the departments of Estelí (Condega), Matagalpa (Apompua and Sébaco) and Managua (Managua 212 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics and Pochocoape) was undertaken to collect plant samples for virus assay. Table 1 gives the results of this survey, which show a rather low incidence of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses (GV) in the samples tested. However, the sampling was done at the peak of the rainy season, which, for the second time since Hurricane Mitch in the previous year, brought considerable amounts of rain. Rainfall in 1999 almost doubled the amount of rain recorded in 1998 in the Pacific Table 1. Results of survey of virus-affected plants in three departments of Nicaragua. Sample Crop Locality Department Reaction a MAB-BS PTY1 1-N5 Tomato Condega Estelí - - 2-N5 Tomato Condega + / - - 3-N5 Tomato Condega - - 4-N5 Tomato Condega + - 5-N5 Tomato Condega - - 6-N5 Tomato Condega - - 7-N6 Tomato Apompua Matagalpa - - 8-N6 Tomato Apompua - - 9-N6 Tomato Apompua - - 10-N6 Tomato Apompua - - 11-N6 Tomato Apompua - - 12-N6 Tomato Apompua - - 13-N7 Tomato Managua Managua - - 14-N7 Tomato Managua - - 15-N7 Tomato Managua - - 16-N7 Tomato Managua - - 17-N8 Tomato Sébaco Matagalpa - - 18-N8 Tomato Sébaco - - 19-N9 Tomato Pochocoape Managua - - 20-N9 Tomato Pochocoape - - 21-N9 Tomato Pochocoape - - 22-N9 Tomato Pochocoape - - 23-N9 Tomato Pochocoape - - 24-N9 Tomato Pochocoape - - 25-N10 Pipián Apompua Matagalpa + + 26-N10 Pipián Apompua + + 27-N10 Pipián Apompua + + 28-N11 Tomato Sébaco Matagalpa - - 29-N11 Tomato Sébaco - - 30-N11 Tomato Sébaco - - 31-N11 Tomato Sébaco - - 32-N11 Tomato Sébaco - - 33-N11 Tomato Sébaco - - 34-N11 Tomato Sébaco - - 35-N12 Tomato Apompua Matagalpa - - 36-N12 Tomato Apompua - - a. Positive or negative reactions to a broad spectrum monoclonal antibody used to detect bi-partite begomoviruses (MAB-BS); reactions to a potyvirus-specific monoclonal antibody (PTY1).
Page 2 and 3:
About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 176 and 177: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
Page 184 and 185: Conclusions and Recommendations the
Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 196 and 197: Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
Page 204 and 205: Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
Page 206 and 207: Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
Page 208 and 209: Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
Page 210 and 211: Guatemala contemplated in this prel
Page 212 and 213: El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
Page 214 and 215: El Salvador During the course of th
Page 216 and 217: El Salvador markets: common bean, m
Page 218 and 219: El Salvador Current Status of White
Page 220 and 221: Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
Page 222 and 223: Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
Page 224 and 225: Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
Page 228 and 229: Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
Page 230 and 231: Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
Page 232 and 233: Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
Page 234 and 235: Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
Page 236 and 237: Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
Page 238 and 239: Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
Page 240 and 241: Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
Page 242 and 243: Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
Page 244 and 245: Haiti collaborators in this project
Page 246 and 247: Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
Page 248 and 249: Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
Page 250 and 251: Cuba project provided three keynote
Page 252 and 253: Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
Page 254 and 255: Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
Page 256 and 257: Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
Page 258 and 259: Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
Page 266 and 267: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
Page 268 and 269: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
Page 270 and 271: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
Page 272 and 273: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
Page 274 and 275: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Page 328 and 329:
Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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