Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1995. Honduras. Reporte, IV Taller Latinoamericano sobre moscas blancas y geminivirus. Ceiba 36:21-23. Jara, L. A. 1998. Caracterización de la incidencia y manejo de mosca blanca (Homoptera:Aleyrodidae) en el Valle de Comayagua, Honduras. Thesis, Departamento de Protección Vegetal, Escuela Agrícola Panamericana (EAP), El Zamorano, HN. 84 p. Rodríguez, F.; Díaz, O.; Escoto, N. D. 1994. Situación del mosaico dorado en Honduras. In: Morales, F. J. (ed.). Mosaico dorado del frijol: Avances de investigación 1994. Programa Cooperativo Regional de Frijol para Centro América, México y el Caribe (PROFRIJOL)-Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, CO. p. 45-50. Standard Fruit Company. 1978. Reporte final de los cultivos semicomerciales de tomate y pepino para exportación en los valles de Comayagua y la Entrada, Copán. La Ceiba, HN. West, R. C.; Augelli, J. P. 1977. Middle America: Its lands and peoples. Second edition, Prentice-Hall, NJ, USA. 494 p. 209
CHAPTER 3.6 210 Nicaragua Introduction Geographical context Nicaragua is the largest country in Central America and one of its richest nations in terms of agricultural resources. Its agricultural economy follows the natural divisions of the country: the Pacific region, the northern part of the Central Highlands and the lowlands of the Caribbean. The Pacific region has been Nicaragua’s centre of commercial agriculture since colonial times, when livestock and the production of indigo (blue dye) were two of the main commodities. Livestock production still remains an important activity in this region. Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) became a highly important crop in the Pacific lowlands, between Lake Managua and the Gulf of Fonseca (Chinandega to León) and along the eastern side of Lake Managua (Tipitapa) in the early 1950s. By 1977, Nicaragua was the largest (217,000 ha) producer of cotton in Central America (Gill, 1994). As in the rest of Central America, there are a number of fertile midaltitude valleys in Nicaragua such as * Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. ** Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), Managua, Nicaragua. *** Centro Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (CNIA), Nicaragua. ψ Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE)-Proyecto Manejo Integrado de Plagas (MIP), El Zamorano, Nicaragua. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Francisco Morales*, Alberto Sediles**, Aurelio Llano*** and Falguni Guharay ψ Boaco and Sébaco where a more intensive agriculture eventually developed, consisting of non-traditional crops such as tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), pepper (Capsicum spp. L.) and other horticultural crops. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) remains a major staple and consequently is grown throughout the country. However, the main regions producing common bean are the Pacific region (30% of total production), the Central Highlands (50%) and the Caribbean Plains (10%). In the highlands, the main departments producing common bean are Matagalpa, Jinotega, Estelí, Madriz and Nueva Segovia. Figure 1 shows the main agricultural regions affected by whiteflytransmitted begomoviruses. The emergence of Bemisia tabaci as a pest and virus vector Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) first became a pest of cotton in the 1970s, which together with adverse marketing circumstances reduced the area planted to cotton to a mere 2520 ha in 1993. Interestingly, B. tabaci was not an insect of economic significance in the early years of cotton production in Nicaragua. The emergence of this whitefly species as a major pest of cotton followed the introduction and intensive use of pesticides on this crop in the 1960s (Gill, 1994).
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 196 and 197: Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
Page 204 and 205: Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
Page 206 and 207: Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
Page 208 and 209: Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
Page 210 and 211: Guatemala contemplated in this prel
Page 212 and 213: El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
Page 214 and 215: El Salvador During the course of th
Page 216 and 217: El Salvador markets: common bean, m
Page 218 and 219: El Salvador Current Status of White
Page 220 and 221: Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
Page 222 and 223: Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
Page 226 and 227: Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
Page 228 and 229: Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
Page 230 and 231: Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
Page 232 and 233: Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
Page 234 and 235: Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
Page 236 and 237: Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
Page 238 and 239: Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
Page 240 and 241: Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
Page 242 and 243: Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
Page 244 and 245: Haiti collaborators in this project
Page 246 and 247: Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
Page 248 and 249: Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
Page 250 and 251: Cuba project provided three keynote
Page 252 and 253: Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
Page 254 and 255: Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
Page 256 and 257: Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
Page 258 and 259: Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
Page 266 and 267: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
Page 268 and 269: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Page 272 and 273: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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