Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic Disease It is clear from the recent reports of new strains/species of begomoviruses identified in association with CMD that the diversity of these agents is greater than initially expected. The procedures utilized for the analysis of the diversity of begomoviruses infecting cassava across Africa were devised to be all encompassing. The use of so-called “universal primers”, designed with degeneracy so as to amplify all whiteflytransmitted begomoviruses, ensures that all possible begomoviruses in a particular sample are amplified. The use of specific primers in an analysis like this would risk missing possible new viruses, or mutants of viruses, which have been described previously. The universal primers used (Briddon and Markham, 1994) are well characterized and have been able thus far to amplify all begomoviruses against which they have been tested. The use of RFLP analysis on PCRamplified DNA allows several diagnostic restriction enzymes to be used on a single sample to identify a virus. The initial identification of a virus species/ strain by a particular restriction pattern was subsequently confirmed by sequence analysis of a full-length clone. Full characterization of a clone requires infectivity studies on cassava (Briddon et al., 1998). Our work has shown that the use of alternate hosts, such as Nicotiana benthamiana Domin (Solanaceae), can lead to selection of mutants with atypical biological characters (Liu et al., 1997) and thus is not appropriate for diagnostic studies. Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the Danish International Development Agency for providing funds for this project, and all the participants of the Systemwide Program on Integrated Pest Management whose enthusiasm and determination guaranteed its initiation. We also wish to thank all members of the project team who sent material during their regional surveys; without their help and endeavours, the project would not have been possible. We also thank Dr. Richard Gibson and Mr. Ian Robertson for sending extra samples for inclusion. The work was also supported by the John Innes Centre, which is grant-aided by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. The viruses were imported and held under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, under the Plant Health (Great Britain) Order 1993, Licence Numbers PHL11/2557(4/1998) and PHL/2300(6/1998). References Berrie, L. C.; Palmer, K. E.; Rybicki, E. P.; Rey, M. E. C. 1998. Molecular characterization of a distinct South African cassava infecting geminivirus. Arch. Virol. 143: 2253-2260. Briddon, R. W.; Markham, P. G. 1994. Universal primers for the PCR amplification of dicot-infecting geminiviruses. Mol. Biotechnol. 1:202-205. Briddon, R. W.; Markham, P. G. 1995. Geminiviridae. In: Murphy, F.A.; Fauquet, C. M.; Bishop, D. H. L.; Ghabrial, S. A.; Jarvis, A. W.; Martelli, G. P.; Mayo, M. A.; Summers, M. D. (eds.). Virus taxonomy: Sixth report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Springer, Vienna, AT. p. 158-165. Briddon, R. W.; Prescott, A. G.; Lunness, P.; Chamberlin, L. C. L.; Markham, P. 1993. Rapid production of fulllength, infectious geminivirus clones by abutting primer PCR (AbP-PCR). J. Virol. Methods 43: 7-20. 81
Briddon, R. W.; Liu, S.; Pinner, M. S.; Markham, P. G. 1998. Infectivity of African cassava mosaic virus clones to cassava by biolistic inoculation. Arch. Virol. 143:1487-1492. Calvert, L. A.; Thresh, J. M. 2002. The viruses and virus diseases of cassava. In: Hillocks, R. J.; Thresh, J. M.; Bellotti, A. C. (eds.). Cassava: Biology, production and utilization. CAB International, Wallingford, GB. p. 237-260. Harrison, B. D.; Robinson, D. J. 1988. Molecular variation in vector-borne plant viruses: Epidemiological significance. Philos. Trans. R. Soc., Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 321:447-462. Harrison, B. D.; Zhou, X.; Otim-Nape, G. W.; Liu, Y.; Robinson, D. J. 1997. Role of a novel type of double infection in the geminivirus-induced epidemic of severe cassava mosaic in Uganda. Ann. Appl. Biol. 131:437-448. Hong, Y. G.; Robinson, D. J.; Harrison, B. D. 1993. Nucleotide sequence evidence for the occurrence of three distinct whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in cassava. J. Gen. Virol. 74:2437-2443. Legg, J. P. 1999. Emergence, spread and strategies for controlling the pandemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in east and central Africa. Crop Prot. 18:627-637. Liu, S.; Bedford, I. D.; Briddon, R. W.; Markham, P. 1997. Efficient whitefly transmission of African cassava mosaic geminivirus requires sequences from both genomic components. J. Gen. Virol. 78:79-94. 82 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Morris, B.; Coates, L.; Lowe, S.; Richardson, K.; Eddy, P. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of the infectious cloned DNA components of African cassava mosaic virus (Nigerian strain). Nucleic Acids Res. 18:197-198. Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua, A.; Thresh, J. M.; Baguma, Y.; Ogwal, S.; Semakula, G. N.; Acola, G.; Byabakama, B.; Martin, A. 1997. Cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda: The current pandemic and approaches to control. Natural Resources Institute (NRI), Chatham, GB. 65 p. Pita, J. S.; Fondong, V. N.; Sangare, A.; Otim-Nape, G. W.; Ogwal, S.; Fauquet, C. 2001. Recombination, pseudorecombination and synergism of geminiviruses are determinant keys to the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda. J. Gen. Virol. 82:655-665. Stanley, J.; Gay, M. G. 1983. Nucleotide sequence of cassava latent virus DNA. Nature 301:260-262. Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Nape, G. W.; Legg, J. P.; Fargette, D. 1997. African cassava mosaic disease: The magnitude of the problem? Afr. J. Root Tuber Crops 2:13-19. Warburg, O. 1894. Die Kulturpflanzen Usambaras. Mitt. Dtsch. Schutz. 7:131. Zhou, X.; Liu, Y.; Calvert, L.; Muñoz, C.; Otim-Nape, G. W.; Robinson, D. J.; Harrison, B. D. 1997. Evidence that DNA-A of a geminivirus associated with severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda has arisen by interspecific recombination. J. Gen. Virol. 78:2101-2111.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Page 48 and 49: Benin or disease problem, the main
Page 50 and 51: Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
Page 52 and 53: Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
Page 54 and 55: Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
Page 56 and 57: Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
Page 58 and 59: Cameroon Farmers undertook various
Page 60 and 61: Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 68 and 69: Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
Page 74 and 75: Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
Page 76 and 77: Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
Page 78 and 79: Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
Page 80 and 81: Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
Page 82 and 83: Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
Page 84 and 85: Malawi Increased Biological Underst
Page 86 and 87: Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
Page 88 and 89: Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
Page 90 and 91: Madagascar surprising, particularly
Page 92 and 93: Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Page 98 and 99: Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
Page 104 and 105: Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Page 114 and 115: Conclusions and Recommendations col
Page 116 and 117: Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
Page 118 and 119: Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
Page 120 and 121: Conclusions and Recommendations com
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions and Recommendations con
Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 132 and 133: Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
Page 136 and 137: Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
Page 138 and 139: Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
Page 140 and 141: Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
Page 142 and 143: Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
Page 144 and 145: Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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