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Biological Control of Whiteflies by Indigenous Natural Enemies Table 1. Whitefly species and their associated parasitoid complex collected on cassava from three geographical regions of Colombia. Region Whitefly species Parasitoid species Atlantic Coast Aleurotrachelus socialis Encarsia sp. Eretmocerus sp. Bemisia tuberculata Encarsia sp. Eretmocerus sp. Metaphycus sp. Trialeurodes sp. Tetraleurodes sp. Encarsia sp. Eretmocerus sp. Valle del Cauca A. socialis B. tuberculata Encarsia sp. Eretmocerus sp. Cauca A. socialis Encarsia bellotti Eretmocerus sp. Signiphora aleyrodis B. tuberculata Encarsia pergandiella Eretmocerus sp. Euderomphale sp. Signiphora aleyrodis Trialeurodes sp. Encarsia hispida Encarsia pergandiella Eretmocerus sp. found in all three areas; however, its population was considerably higher in Valle del Cauca and lowest in Cauca (Figure 1). All four species were collected from the Atlantic Coast, whereas Tetraleurodes sp. was not No. of pupae/100 samples 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Atlantic Coast Aleurotrachelus socialis Bemisia tuberculata Cauca Valle del Cauca Trialeurodes sp. Tetraleurodes sp. Figure 1. Whitefly population densities on cassava in three geographic zones of Colombia. collected in either Cauca or Valle del Cauca. Pupal populations of A. socialis ranged from an average of about 55 per square inch on leaf samples from Valle del Cauca to about 5 on the Atlantic Coast and 2 in Cauca (Figure 1). The data also showed that whenever there are high whitefly densities or populations, A. socialis is the predominant species regardless of geographic area. However, when densities are low at sampling sites, other species may predominate (Figure 2). On the Atlantic Coast, under low population densities, B. tuberculata and A. socialis had similar populations, whereas in Valle del Cauca, B. tuberculata predominated. In Cauca, Trialeurodes had the highest population. Numerous whitefly parasitoids were collected from the three areas (Table 1). These parasitoids belong to the genera Encarsia, Eretmocerus, Metaphycus and Euderomphale, and indications are that the collection contains several unrecorded species. The hyperparasitoid 317
No. of pupae/100 in sq. Signiphora aleyrodis was collected only in Cauca. Encarsia was the genera most frequently collected in Cauca and Valle del Cauca (Figure 3), with the highest percentage in the latter. On the Atlantic Coast, Eretmocerus was the most frequent genus. Metaphycus was only collected on the Atlantic Coast and Euderomphale only from Valle del Cauca. Levels of infestations were high for Aleurodicus sp., A. socialis, B. tuberculata and Tetraleurodes sp. for the coastal region of Ecuador. T. vaporariorum, which is found infesting common bean, was found for the first time at high infestation levels in cassava in the coastal and highlands regions of Ecuador. The association between whitefly species and parasitoid species was evaluated also. Results indicate a sizable parasitoid species complex associated with each whitefly species and that this can be influenced by geographic area. For example, with 318 100 80 60 40 20 0 Atlantic Coast Aleurotrachelus socialis Bemisia tuberculata Cauca Valle del Cauca Trialeurodes sp. Tetraleurodes sp. Figure 2. The whitefly species complex at collecting sites with low population densities in three geographic zones of Colombia. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Parasitoids 100 80 60 40 20 0 Atlantic Coast Cauca Valle del Cauca Encarsia sp. Euderomphale sp. Eretmocerus sp. Signiphora aleurodis Metaphycus sp. Not identified Figure 3. Parasitoid species (%) collected from whiteflies on cassava in three geographic zones of Colombia. A. socialis, the predominant parasitoid genus in the Atlantic Coast was Eretmocerus, while in Cauca and Valle del Cauca, Encarsia predominated (Figure 4). In Valle del Cauca, 99.6% of the parasitism of A. socialis was by Encarsia and 0.4% by Eretmocerus. The most numerous complex of parasitoids was found associated with B. tuberculata (Table 1). Eretmocerus and Metaphycus were the predominant genera on the Atlantic Coast and Eretmocerus in Cauca. The hyperparasite S. aleyrodis was collected from both A. socialis and B. tuberculata pupae. Four species of parasitoids were collected from Ecuador. The complex of parasitoids collected from whiteflies in cassava in Ecuador has been identified only to the generic level (Greg Evans, Mike Rose, personal communication, 1999). In the coastal region, A. socialis was parasitized by Encarsia, followed by Amitus and Eretmocerus; Aleurodicus was parasitized by Euderomphale sp. Tetraleurodes and Trialeurodes were mostly parasitized by Eretmocerus sp.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
Page 282 and 283: SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
Page 284 and 285: Introduction CHAPTER 4.1 Introducti
Page 286 and 287: Introduction control, due to resist
Page 288 and 289: Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
Page 290 and 291: Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
Page 292 and 293: Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
Page 294 and 295: Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
Page 296 and 297: Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
Page 298 and 299: Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
Page 300 and 301: Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
Page 310 and 311: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 312 and 313: Conclusions and Recommendations res
Page 314 and 315: Conclusions and Recommendations rot
Page 316 and 317: SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
Page 318 and 319: Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
Page 328 and 329: Biological Control of Whiteflies by
Page 340 and 341: Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
Page 348 and 349: Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
Page 354 and 355: Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
Page 356 and 357: Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
Page 358 and 359: Conclusions developing countries, a
Page 360 and 361: Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
Page 362 and 363: Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
Page 364 and 365: Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
Page 366: Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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