Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Introduction Geographical context The following regions were covered in the surveys conducted during the 1997-99 period: Arusha, Babati, Arumeru, Dodoma, Kongwa, Mpwapwa, Njombe, Iringa, Mwanga, Rombo, Moshi, Hai, Same, Mkuu, Mbeya, Vwawa, Tukuyu, Morogoro, Tanga, Lushoto and Zanzibar (Figure 1). Surveys followed the methodology agreed among the project partners. The surveyed areas can be grouped into distinct eco-climatic zones (Table 1). The northern highlands cover the Arusha and Kilimanjaro regions and Usambara Highlands in the Tanga region. The zone experiences two rainy seasons: short rains (vuli) from November to December and long rains (masika) from March to May. The main dry season is from June to September. The coastal lowlands include such areas as Muheza, Tanga, Ruvu, Dar-es- Salaam, Kibaha and Zanzibar Island. The rainfall pattern is the same as for the northern highlands but the lowlands are hotter. The Central Plateau includes Dodoma and western * Horticultural Research and Training Institute (HORTI-Tengeru), Arusha, Tanzania. ** Selian Agricultural Research Institute (SARI), Arusha, Tanzania. Ignas Swai* and Simon Slumpa** Kigoma Tanzania Tabora Dodoma Rukwa Singida Towns Lake Victoria Kagera Mara Mwanza Arusha Shinyanga Surveyed areas Moshi Kilimanjaro Tanga Zanzibar Iringsa Pwani Mbeya Morogoro Njombe Lindi Ruvuma Mtwara Figure 1. Regions covered in the 1997-99 survey, Tanzania. parts of Morogoro regions, where the rainfall pattern is variable and unpredictable. The Morogoro region is transitional and receives higher rainfall than the Dodoma region. Dodoma experiences only one rainy season, around November to January, and production of vegetables in this zone is seasonal. Irrigation is common in both Morogoro and Dodoma. The emergence of Bemisia tabaci as a pest and virus vector The whitefly species Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the vector of Tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV) and Tomato yellow 141
leaf curl virus (TYLCV), is ranked as the most important insect pest of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in Tanzania (Varela and Pekke, 1995). B. tabaci also transmits other viral diseases in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris [L.]), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.), sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), while the woolly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) is widespread in citrus (Citrus spp. L.) growing areas. No information was available on the geographical range of whitefly species and their socioeconomic significance in Tanzania prior to the country’s participation in the Tropical Whitefly Integrated Pest Management (TWF-IPM) Project. ToLCV was first reported in Tanzania in 1990 (Czosnek et al., 1990). Additional survey studies conducted by the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre (AVRDC)-Africa Regional Program in Tanzania from 1994-97 showed that several tomato samples with typical leaf curl symptoms did not hybridize with the Egyptian or Israeli ToLCV-DNA probes. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis performed with the above tomato samples indicated that in addition to TYLCV, a virus different from all previously 142 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Table 1. Mean annual temperature, precipitation and altitude range of the surveyed regions in Tanzania. Region (Province) a Mean min.-max. Mean Altitude temperature precipitation range (°C) (mm) (m) Arusha 11-21 913 485-1660 Dodoma 16-29 556 329-378 Iringa 14-25 633 396-561 Kilimanjaro (Same) 14-26 1130 244-1600 Kilimanjaro (Moshi) 16-26 549 120-850 Mbeya 10-27 1132 424-536 Morogoro 19-30 854 450-900 Tanga (Lushoto) 19-30 1006 366-549 Zanzibar 21-30 1436 20-60 a. Same is on the windward side and Moshi, the leeward side, of Mt. Kilimanjaro. characterized tomato geminiviruses of the Old World occur in Tanzania and was tentatively named Tomato leaf curl virus-Tanzania (TLCV-Tan; Chiang et al., 1997), now ToLCV-Tz. Increased Biological Understanding Characterization of begomoviruses and whitefly biotypes During the 1997-99 period, 179 samples of whitefly adults and nymphs were collected from vegetable cropping systems in Tanzania, of which 407 nymph specimens were histologically processed and mounted on 213 slides. Identification of whiteflies conducted by the International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) revealed that B. tabaci was the most common whitefly species, representing 78% of the mounted specimens. B. afer (Priesner and Hosney) represented 8% and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), 7%. Other whitefly species made up 7% of the specimens and included Trialeurodes ricini (Misra), B. hirta Bink- Moenen, Orchamoplatus citri (Takahashi), Tetraleurodes andropogon (Dozier) and Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell).
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 132 and 133: Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
Page 136 and 137: Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
Page 138 and 139: Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
Page 140 and 141: Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
Page 142 and 143: Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
Page 144 and 145: Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
Page 146 and 147: Kenya Increased Biological Understa
Page 148 and 149: Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
Page 150 and 151: Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
Page 152 and 153: Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
Page 154 and 155: Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 158 and 159: Tanzania The reproductive host plan
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
Page 162 and 163: Tanzania Local names given to white
Page 164 and 165: Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
Page 166 and 167: Malawi levels of infestation by the
Page 168 and 169: Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
Page 170 and 171: Malawi (40%) believe that the white
Page 172 and 173: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 196 and 197: Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction CHAPTER 4.1 Introducti
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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